Waseem Akram

38 papers A 1C 1Journal 28Unranked 8
YearRankTypeTitle / Venue / Authors
2026 J jnl
IEEE Access
Waseem Akram, Muhayy Ud Din, Tarek Taha, Irfan Hussain
2026 J jnl
CoRR
Muhayy Ud Din, Waseem Akram, Ahsan Baidar Bakht, Irfan Hussain
2026 conf
ICARA
Muhayy Ud Din, Jan Rosell, Waseem Akram, Irfan Hussain
2026 J jnl
Inf. Fusion
Muhayy Ud Din, Waseem Akram, Lyes Saad Saoud, Jan Rosell, Irfan Hussain
2026 J jnl
Robotics Auton. Syst.
Muhayy Ud Din, Jan Rosell, Waseem Akram, Isiah Zaplana, Máximo A. Roa, Irfan Hussain
2025 J jnl
CoRR
Waseem Akram, Muhayy Ud Din, Lyes Saad Saoud, Irfan Hussain
2025 J jnl
CoRR
Abdelhaleem Saad, Waseem Akram, Irfan Hussain
2025 J jnl
CoRR
Waseem Akram, Muhayy Ud Din, Abdelhaleem Saad, Irfan Hussain
2025 J jnl
IEEE Access
Muhayy Ud Din, Ahsan Baidar Bakht, Waseem Akram, Yihao Dong, Lakmal D. Seneviratne, Irfan Hussain
2025 J jnl
IEEE Access
Waseem Akram, Ahsan Baidar Bakht, Muhayy Ud Din, Lakmal D. Seneviratne, Irfan Hussain
2025 conf
ROBOVIS
Waseem Akram, Muhayy Ud Din, Lakmal D. Seneviratne, Irfan Hussain
2025 J jnl
CoRR
Muhayy Ud Din, Jan Rosell, Waseem Akram, Irfan Hussain
2025 conf
SIMPAR
Muhayy Ud Din, Waseem Akram, Ahsan Baidar Bakht, Yihao Dong, Irfan Hussain
2025 J jnl
CoRR
Muhayy Ud Din, Waseem Akram, Ahsan Baidar Bakht, Yihao Dong, Irfan Hussain
2025 J jnl
CoRR
Muhayy Ud Din, Waseem Akram, Lyes Saad Saoud, Jan Rosell, Irfan Hussain
2024 J jnl
Expert Syst. Appl.
Waseem Akram, Taimur Hassan, Hamed Toubar, Muhayyuddin Ahmed, Nikola Miskovic, Lakmal D. Seneviratne, Irfan Hussain
2024 J jnl
CoRR
Muhayy Ud Din, Ahsan Baidar Bakht, Waseem Akram, Yihao Dong, Lakmal D. Seneviratne, Irfan Hussain
2024 J jnl
CoRR
Waseem Akram, Siyuan Yang, Hailiang Kuang, Xiaoyu He, Muhayy Ud Din, Yihao Dong, Defu Lin, Lakmal D. Seneviratne, Shaoming He, Irfan Hussain
2024 J jnl
Ecol. Informatics
Ahsan Baidar Bakht, Zikai Jia, Muhayy Ud Din, Waseem Akram, Lyes Saad Saoud, Lakmal D. Seneviratne, Defu Lin, Shaoming He, Irfan Hussain
2024 J jnl
CoRR
Muhayy Ud Din, Jan Rosell, Waseem Akram, Isiah Zaplana, Máximo A. Roa, Lakmal D. Seneviratne, Irfan Hussain
2023 J jnl
Future Internet
Waheed Ali H. M. Ghanem, Waseem Akram, Saif ul Islam, Abdul Hadi, Jalil Boudjadar, Noureen Zafar
2023 J jnl
CoRR
Waseem Akram, Muhayyuddin Ahmed, Lyes Saad Saoud, Lakmal D. Seneviratne, Irfan Hussain
2023 conf
ICINCO (1)
Waseem Akram, Muhayyuddin Ahmed, Lakmal D. Seneviratne, Irfan Hussain
2023 J jnl
CoRR
Waseem Akram, Muhayyuddin Ahmed, Lakmal D. Seneviratne, Irfan Hussain
2023 conf
ICAR
Muhayy Ud Din, Ahmed Humais, Waseem Akram, Mohamed Alblooshi, Lyes Saad Saoud, Abdelrahman Alblooshi, Lakmal D. Seneviratne, Irfan Hussain
2023 J jnl
CoRR
Muhayy Ud Din, Ahmed Humais, Waseem Akram, Mohamed Alblooshi, Lyes Saad Saoud, Abdelrahman Alblooshi, Lakmal D. Seneviratne, Irfan Hussain
2023 J jnl
CoRR
Ahsan Baidar Bakht, Zikai Jia, Muhayy Ud Din, Waseem Akram, Lyes Saad Saoud, Lakmal D. Seneviratne, Defu Lin, Shaoming He, Irfan Hussain
2023 A conf
IROS
Muhayyuddin Ahmed, Ahsan Baidar Bakht, Taimur Hassan, Waseem Akram, Ahmed Humais, Lakmal D. Seneviratne, Shaoming He, Defu Lin, Irfan Hussain
2023 J jnl
CoRR
Muhayyuddin Ahmed, Ahsan Baidar Bakht, Taimur Hassan, Waseem Akram, Ahmed Humais, Lakmal D. Seneviratne, Shaoming He, Defu Lin, Irfan Hussain
2022 J jnl
Sensors
Waseem Akram, Alessandro Casavola, Nadir Kapetanovic, Nikola Miskovic
2021 J jnl
IEEE Access
Farman Shah, Syed Muhammd Saqlain, Waseem Akram, Awais Manzoor, Rasha Orban Mahmoud, Diaa Salama Abd Elminaam
2020 conf
ICINCO (Selected Papers)
Waseem Akram, Francesco Tedesco, Alessandro Casavola
2020 conf
CCTA
Francesco Tedesco, Waseem Akram, Alessandro Casavola, Domenico Famularo
2020 C conf
ICINCO
Waseem Akram, Francesco Tedesco, Alessandro Casavola
2018 J jnl
Complex Adapt. Syst. Model.
Waseem Akram, Muaz A. Niazi
2017 J jnl
CoRR
Waseem Akram, Muaz A. Niazi
2017 J jnl
CoRR
Waseem Akram, Muaz A. Niazi, Barna László Iantovics
2016 conf
UNet
Waseem Akram, Munam Ali Shah
redb/extractors/macho_extractors/macho_features.py
← Index redb/extractors/macho_extractors/macho_features.py python
import inspect
import json
from datetime import datetime, timezone
from typing import Any

from redb.extractors.enum import Tag
from redb.extractors.macho_extractor import MachOExtractor
from redb.models.dataclasses import MachO


class MachOFeaturesExtractor(MachOExtractor):

    def __init__(
        self,
        filepath,
        log,
        exporters=None,
        index_prefix=None,
        elastic_index=None,
        known_benign=False,
        known_malicious=False,
        macho=None,
    ):
        super().__init__(
            filepath,
            log,
            exporters,
            index_prefix,
            elastic_index,
            known_benign,
            known_malicious,
            macho,
        )
        self.elastic_index = self.index_prefix + "-macho_features"
        self.log.debug(inspect.currentframe().f_code.co_name)

    def tag(self):
        return Tag.MACHO_FEATURES.value

    def _extract_macho_features_for_arch(self, arch_name):
        """Extract basic MachO features for a specific architecture."""
        self.log.debug(inspect.currentframe().f_code.co_name)

        if not self.macho:
            return None

        try:
            # Get general info using new API
            general_info = self.macho.get_general_info()
            if not general_info:
                return None

            # Get header info for this specific architecture
            header_raw = self.macho.get_macho_header(arch=arch_name)
            header_formatted = self.macho.get_macho_header(arch=arch_name, formatted=True)

            if not header_raw or not header_formatted:
                return None

            # Get entry point using new API
            entry_point = None
            try:
                entry_point_info = self.macho.get_entry_point(arch=arch_name)
                if entry_point_info:
                    if isinstance(entry_point_info, dict):
                        entry_point = entry_point_info.get('entryoff') or entry_point_info.get('entry_address')
                    else:
                        entry_point = entry_point_info
            except Exception as e:
                self.log.debug(f"No entry point found: {e}")

            # Get UUID using new API
            uuid = None
            try:
                uuid_info = self.macho.get_uuid(arch=arch_name)
                if uuid_info:
                    uuid = str(uuid_info)
            except Exception as e:
                self.log.debug(f"No UUID found: {e}")

            # Get version info using new API with formatting
            version_info = None
            version_info_str = None
            try:
                version_info = self.macho.get_version_info(arch=arch_name)
                version_info_str = self.macho.get_version_info(arch=arch_name, formatted=True)
            except Exception as e:
                self.log.debug(f"No version info found: {e}")

            # Get segments using new API
            segments = self.macho.get_segments(arch=arch_name)
            number_of_segments = len(segments) if segments else 0

            # Get dylib info using new API
            dylib_names = self.macho.get_dylib_names(arch=arch_name)
            number_of_dylibs = len(dylib_names) if dylib_names else 0

            # Count imports using new API
            imported_functions = self.macho.get_imported_functions(arch=arch_name)
            number_of_imports = sum(len(funcs) for funcs in imported_functions.values()) if imported_functions else 0

            # Count exports using new API
            exported_symbols = self.macho.get_exported_symbols(arch=arch_name)
            number_of_exports = sum(len(symbols) for symbols in exported_symbols.values()) if exported_symbols else 0

            # Get unique load command types using new API
            load_commands_set = self.macho.get_load_commands_set(arch=arch_name, formatted=True)
            if isinstance(load_commands_set, set):
                load_commands_set = sorted(list(load_commands_set))

            # Get architectures for listing purposes
            architectures = self.macho.get_architectures()

            # Determine binary properties
            is_64bit = header_raw.get('magic') in [0xFEEDFACF, 0xCFFAEDFE]  # MH_MAGIC_64, MH_CIGAM_64
            is_signed = self._is_signed()
            
            # Create MachO dataclass
            macho_features = MachO(
                # Raw values from new API
                magic=header_raw.get('magic', 0),
                cputype=header_raw.get('cputype', 0),
                cpusubtype=header_raw.get('cpusubtype', 0),
                filetype=header_raw.get('filetype', 0),
                ncmds=header_raw.get('ncmds', 0),
                sizeofcmds=header_raw.get('sizeofcmds', 0),
                flags=header_raw.get('flags', 0),
                architecture=header_raw.get('cputype', 0),  # Use cputype as architecture
                architectures=[arch_info.get('cputype', 0) for arch_info in [self.macho.get_macho_header(arch=arch) for arch in architectures] if arch_info],
                # Human-readable values from formatted API
                magic_str=header_formatted.get('magic', ''),
                cputype_str=header_formatted.get('cputype', ''),
                cpusubtype_str=header_formatted.get('cpusubtype', ''),
                filetype_str=header_formatted.get('filetype', ''),
                flags_str=header_formatted.get('flags', '').split(', ') if header_formatted.get('flags') else [],
                architecture_str=header_formatted.get('cputype', ''),
                architectures_str=[arch_info.get('cputype', '') for arch_info in [self.macho.get_macho_header(arch=arch, formatted=True) for arch in architectures] if arch_info],
                # Additional properties
                is_64bit=is_64bit,
                is_signed=is_signed,
                number_of_load_commands=header_raw.get('ncmds', 0),
                load_commands_set=load_commands_set,
                number_of_segments=number_of_segments,
                number_of_dylibs=number_of_dylibs,
                number_of_imports=number_of_imports,
                number_of_exports=number_of_exports,
                entry_point=entry_point,
                uuid=uuid,
                version_info=version_info,
                version_info_str=version_info_str
            )
            
            return macho_features
            
        except Exception as e:
            self.log.error(f"Error extracting MachO features: {e}")
            return None

    def extract(self):
        self.log.debug(inspect.currentframe().f_code.co_name)
        try:
            if not self.macho:
                return None
            architectures = self.macho.get_architectures()
            if not architectures:
                return None

            # For FAT binaries, return features for all architectures
            # For single arch, return just the single result
            if len(architectures) > 1:
                # FAT binary - return list of features for each architecture
                results = []
                for arch_name in architectures:
                    features = self._extract_macho_features_for_arch(arch_name)
                    if features:
                        # Add architecture identifier to the result
                        if hasattr(features, '__dict__'):
                            # If it's a dataclass, we can access its dict
                            features.arch_identifier = arch_name
                        results.append(features)
                return results
            else:
                # Single architecture - return single result
                return self._extract_macho_features_for_arch(architectures[0])
        except Exception as e:
            self.log.error(f"Error extracting MachO features: {e}")
            return None

    def prepare_export_data(self, exporter_type: str) -> Any:
        if exporter_type == "ElasticsearchExporter":
            return self.extract()
        elif exporter_type == "ClickHouseExporter":
            if not self.macho:
                return None

            # Get architectures (macho is already parsed in __init__)
            try:
                architectures = self.macho.get_architectures()
            except Exception as e:
                self.log.error(f"Could not get architectures: {e}")
                return None

            data = []
            current_time = datetime.now(timezone.utc)

            # Loop through each architecture (1 for single, multiple for FAT)
            for arch_name in architectures:
                # Extract features for this specific architecture
                macho_features = self._extract_macho_features_for_arch(arch_name)
                if not macho_features:
                    continue

                # Get architecture-specific sha256
                try:
                    arch_general_info = self.macho.get_general_info(arch=arch_name)
                    arch_sha256 = arch_general_info.get('SHA256', self.sha256)
                except Exception as e:
                    self.log.warning(f"Could not get arch-specific hash for {arch_name}: {e}")
                    arch_sha256 = self.sha256

                # Architecture field (kept in features table for ORDER BY)
                architecture = macho_features.cputype    # Raw CPU type value

                data.append([
                    arch_sha256,                          # sha256 (architecture-specific)
                    architecture,                         # architecture (raw CPU type)
                    # Raw values
                    macho_features.magic,                 # magic
                    macho_features.cputype,               # cputype
                    macho_features.cpusubtype,            # cpusubtype
                    macho_features.filetype,              # filetype
                    macho_features.ncmds,                 # ncmds
                    macho_features.sizeofcmds,            # sizeofcmds
                    macho_features.flags,                 # flags
                    # Human-readable values
                    macho_features.magic_str,             # magic_str
                    macho_features.cputype_str,           # cputype_str
                    macho_features.cpusubtype_str,        # cpusubtype_str
                    macho_features.filetype_str,          # filetype_str
                    macho_features.flags_str,             # flags_str
                    # Other fields
                    macho_features.is_64bit,              # is_64bit
                    macho_features.is_signed,             # is_signed
                    macho_features.entry_point if macho_features.entry_point else None,           # entry_point
                    macho_features.uuid if macho_features.uuid else None,  # uuid
                    json.dumps(macho_features.version_info) if macho_features.version_info else "{}",  # version_info
                    json.dumps(macho_features.version_info_str) if macho_features.version_info_str else "{}",  # version_info_str
                    macho_features.load_commands_set,     # load_commands_set
                    macho_features.number_of_segments,    # number_of_segments
                    macho_features.number_of_dylibs,      # number_of_dylibs
                    macho_features.number_of_imports,     # number_of_imports
                    macho_features.number_of_exports,     # number_of_exports
                    current_time,                         # analysis_date
                ])

            column_names = [
                'sha256', 'architecture',
                # Raw values
                'magic', 'cputype', 'cpusubtype', 'filetype', 'ncmds', 'sizeofcmds', 'flags',
                # Human-readable values
                'magic_str', 'cputype_str', 'cpusubtype_str', 'filetype_str', 'flags_str',
                # Other fields
                'is_64bit', 'is_signed',
                'entry_point', 'uuid', 'version_info', 'version_info_str', 'load_commands_set',
                'number_of_segments', 'number_of_dylibs', 'number_of_imports', 'number_of_exports',
                'analysis_date'
            ]

            if not data:
                return None

            column_type_names = [
                'FixedString(64)', 'Nullable(UInt32)',
                # Raw values
                'UInt32', 'UInt32', 'UInt32', 'UInt32', 'UInt32', 'UInt32', 'UInt32',
                # Human-readable values
                'LowCardinality(String)', 'LowCardinality(String)', 'LowCardinality(String)', 'LowCardinality(String)', 'Array(LowCardinality(String))',
                # Other fields
                'UInt8', 'UInt8',
                'Nullable(UInt64)', 'Nullable(String)', 'JSON', 'JSON', 'Array(Nullable(String))',
                'UInt32', 'UInt32', 'UInt32', 'UInt32', 'DateTime64(3, \'UTC\')'
            ]

            return (data, column_names, column_type_names)
        
        return None

    def get_clickhouse_table(self) -> str:
        return "redb_macho_features"