Vikas Rana

64 papers A 2B 3C 11Misc 8Journal 19Unranked 21
YearRankTypeTitle / Venue / Authors
2026 J jnl
IEEE Trans. Circuits Syst. I Regul. Pap.
Vasileios G. Ntinas, Dimitrios A. Prousalis, Yongmin Wang, Ahmet Samil Demirkol, Ioannis Messaris, Vikas Rana, Stephan Menzel, Alon Ascoli, Ronald Tetzlaff
2026 J jnl
IEEE Trans. Comput. Aided Des. Integr. Circuits Syst.
Chandan Kumar Jha, Simranjeet Singh, Khushboo Qayyum, Ankit Bende, Muhammad Hassan, Vikas Rana, Farhad Merchant, Rolf Drechsler
2025 J jnl
IEEE Access
Seokki Son, Ankit Bende, Daniel Schön, Rana Walied Ahmad, Dennis Nielinger, Vikas Rana, Stephan Menzel
2025 B conf
ETS
Farhad Merchant, Ankit Bende, Markus Fritscher, Shahar Kvatinsky, Simranjeet Singh, Vikas Rana, Regina Dittmann, Keerthi Dorai Swamy Reddy, Christian Wenger, Fouwad Jamil Mir, Mottaqiallah Taouil, Manil Dev Gomony, Said Hamdioui, Henk Corporaal
2025 J jnl
IEEE Trans. Reliab.
Felix Staudigl, Hazem Al Indari, Daniel Schön, Hsin-Yu Chen, Dominik Sisejkovic, Jan Moritz Joseph, Vikas Rana, Stephan Menzel, Amelie Hagelauer, Rainer Leupers
2025 C conf
ISCAS
Yongmin Wang, Kristoffer Schnieders, Siyuan Jia, Vasileios G. Ntinas, Gennadiy Gvozdev, Felix Cüppers, Susanne Hoffmann-Eifert, Alon Ascoli, Ronald Tetzlaff, Stefan Wiefels, Vikas Rana, Stephan Menzel
2025 C conf
ISCAS
Ioannis Messaris, Vasileios G. Ntinas, Dimitrios A. Prousalis, Ahmet Samil Demirkol, Ronald Tetzlaff, S. Zhang, Vikas Rana, Stephan Menzel, Alon Ascoli
2024 J jnl
CoRR
Chandan Singh, Vasileios G. Ntinas, Dimitrios A. Prousalis, Yongmin Wang, Ahmet Samil Demirkol, Ioannis Messaris, Vikas Rana, Stephan Menzel, Alon Ascoli, Ronald Tetzlaff
2024 B conf
ETS
Luca Parrini, Taha Soliman, Benjamin Hettwer, Jan Micha Borrmann, Simranjeet Singh, Ankit Bende, Vikas Rana, Farhad Merchant, Norbert Wehn
2024 J jnl
CoRR
Luca Parrini, Taha Soliman, Benjamin Hettwer, Jan Micha Borrmann, Simranjeet Singh, Ankit Bende, Vikas Rana, Farhad Merchant, Norbert Wehn
2024 conf
MetroXRAINE
Nicolas Schmitt, Ioannis Messaris, Ahmet Samil Demirkol, Vasileios G. Ntinas, Dimitrios A. Prousalis, Ronald Tetzlaff, Alon Ascoli, Fernando Corinto, Marco Gilli, S. Zhang, Stephan Menzel, Vikas Rana, Leon O. Chua
2024 Misc conf
VLSID
Ankit Bende, Simranjeet Singh, Chandan Kumar Jha, Tim Kempen, Felix Cüppers, Christopher Bengel, Andre Zambanini, Dennis Nielinger, Sachin B. Patkar, Rolf Drechsler, Rainer Waser, Farhad Merchant, Vikas Rana
2024 Misc conf
VLSID
Gokulnath Rajendran, Furqan Zahoor, Sidhaant Sachin Thakker, Simranjeet Singh, Farhad Merchant, Vikas Rana, Anupam Chattopadhyay
2024 C conf
VLSI-SoC
Simranjeet Singh, Ankit Bende, Chandan Kumar Jha, Vikas Rana, Rolf Drechsler, Sachin B. Patkar, Farhad Merchant
2024 J jnl
CoRR
Simranjeet Singh, Ankit Bende, Chandan Kumar Jha, Vikas Rana, Rolf Drechsler, Sachin B. Patkar, Farhad Merchant
2024 B conf
ASPDAC
Simranjeet Singh, Chandan Kumar Jha, Ankit Bende, Vikas Rana, Sachin B. Patkar, Rolf Drechsler, Farhad Merchant
2023 conf
SMACD
Vasileios G. Ntinas, Dharmik Patel, Yongmin Wang, Ioannis Messaris, Vikas Rana, Stephan Menzel, Alon Ascoli, Ronald Tetzlaff
2023 J jnl
IEEE Trans. Comput. Aided Des. Integr. Circuits Syst.
Seokki Son, Camilla La Torre, Andreas Kindsmüller, Vikas Rana, Stephan Menzel
2023 C conf
ISCAS
Vasileios G. Ntinas, Yongmin Wang, Ahmet Samil Demirkol, Ioannis Messaris, Vikas Rana, Stephan Menzel, Alon Ascoli, Ronald Tetzlaff
2023 J jnl
CoRR
Ankit Bende, Simranjeet Singh, Chandan Kumar Jha, Tim Kempen, Felix Cüppers, Christopher Bengel, Andre Zambanini, Dennis Nielinger, Sachin B. Patkar, Rolf Drechsler, Rainer Waser, Farhad Merchant, Vikas Rana
2023 conf
NANOARCH
Yongmin Wang, Kristoffer Schnieders, Vasileios G. Ntinas, Alon Ascoli, Felix Cüppers, Susanne Hoffmann-Eifert, Stefan Wiefels, Ronald Tetzlaff, Vikas Rana, Stephan Menzel
2023 conf
MOCAST
Nicolas Schmitt, Alon Ascoli, Ioannis Messaris, Ahmet Samil Demirkol, Vasileios G. Ntinas, Dimitrios A. Prousalis, Ronald Tetzlaff, Spyridon Nikolaidis, Stephan Menzel, Vikas Rana
2023 conf
NANOARCH
Simranjeet Singh, Elmira Moussavi, Christopher Bengel, Sachin B. Patkar, Rainer Waser, Rainer Leupers, Vikas Rana, Vivek Pachauri, Stephan Menzel, Farhad Merchant
2023 conf
NEWCAS
Simranjeet Singh, Omar Ghazal, Chandan Kumar Jha, Vikas Rana, Rolf Drechsler, Rishad A. Shafik, Alex Yakovlev, Sachin B. Patkar, Farhad Merchant
2023 J jnl
CoRR
Simranjeet Singh, Omar Ghazal, Chandan Kumar Jha, Vikas Rana, Rolf Drechsler, Rishad A. Shafik, Alex Yakovlev, Sachin B. Patkar, Farhad Merchant
2023 conf
NEWCAS
Simranjeet Singh, Furqan Zahoor, Gokulnath Rajendran, Vikas Rana, Sachin B. Patkar, Anupam Chattopadhyay, Farhad Merchant
2023 J jnl
CoRR
Simranjeet Singh, Furqan Zahoor, Gokulnath Rajendran, Vikas Rana, Sachin B. Patkar, Anupam Chattopadhyay, Farhad Merchant
2023 J jnl
CoRR
Simranjeet Singh, Chandan Kumar Jha, Ankit Bende, Vikas Rana, Sachin B. Patkar, Rolf Drechsler, Farhad Merchant
2023 C conf
VLSI-SoC
Gokulnath Rajendran, Furqan Zahoor, Simranjeet Singh, Farhad Merchant, Vikas Rana, Anupam Chattopadhyay
2023 J jnl
CoRR
Simranjeet Singh, Chandan Kumar Jha, Ankit Bende, Phrangboklang Lyngton Thangkhiew, Vikas Rana, Sachin B. Patkar, Rolf Drechsler, Farhad Merchant
2023 J jnl
IEEE Embed. Syst. Lett.
Simranjeet Singh, Chandan Kumar Jha, Ankit Bende, Phrangboklang Lyngton Thangkhiew, Vikas Rana, Sachin B. Patkar, Rolf Drechsler, Farhad Merchant
2022 C conf
ISCAS
Christopher Bengel, Stefan Wiefels, Vikas Rana, Hsin-Yu Chen, Qing-Tai Zhao, Rainer Waser, Henriette Padberg, Fengben Xi, Stephan Menzel
2022 A conf
DATE
Melvin Galicia, Stephan Menzel, Farhad Merchant, Maximilian Müller, Hsin-Yu Chen, Qing-Tai Zhao, Felix Cüppers, Abdur R. Jalil, Qi Shu, Peter Schüffelgen, Gregor Mussler, Carsten Funck, Christian Lanius, Stefan Wiefels, Moritz von Witzleben, Christopher Bengel, Nils Kopperberg, Tobias Ziegler, R. Walied Ahmad, Alexander Krüger, Letícia Maria Bolzani Pöhls, Regina Dittmann, Susanne Hoffmann-Eifert, Vikas Rana, Detlev Grützmacher, Matthias Wuttig, Dirk J. Wouters, Andrei Vescan, Tobias Gemmeke, Joachim Knoch, Max Christian Lemme, Rainer Leupers, Rainer Waser
2022 A conf
DATE
Felix Staudigl, Hazem Al Indari, Daniel Schön, Dominik Sisejkovic, Farhad Merchant, Jan Moritz Joseph, Vikas Rana, Stephan Menzel, Rainer Leupers
2022 C conf
ISCAS
Yongmin Wang, Alon Ascoli, Ronald Tetzlaff, Vikas Rana, Stephan Menzel
2022 J jnl
IEEE Trans. Circuits Syst. II Express Briefs
Vasileios G. Ntinas, Alon Ascoli, Ioannis Messaris, Yongmin Wang, Vikas Rana, Stephan Menzel, Ronald Tetzlaff
2021 conf
IMW
Tim Kempen, Rainer Waser, Vikas Rana
2021 Misc conf
VLSID
Vivek Tyagi, Vikas Rana
2021 C conf
ISCAS
Christopher Bengel, Anne Siemon, Vikas Rana, Stephan Menzel
2021 conf
EMBC
Vikas Rana, Teddy Le Nguyen, Veera Raghava, Prahlad G. Menon
2021 Misc conf
VLSID
Vivek Tyagi, Shivam Kalla, Vikas Rana
2021 J jnl
CoRR
Felix Staudigl, Hazem Al Indari, Daniel Schön, Dominik Sisejkovic, Farhad Merchant, Jan Moritz Joseph, Vikas Rana, Stephan Menzel, Rainer Leupers
2021 conf
ICECS
Alon Ascoli, Ronald Tetzlaff, Stephan Menzel, Vikas Rana
2021 C conf
ISCAS
Wonjoo Kim, Dirk J. Wouters, Rainer Waser, Vikas Rana
2020 conf
ICECS
Prakhar Shukla, Prabhat Singh, Tushar Maheshwari, Anuj Grover, Vikas Rana
2020 conf
ECCTD
Camilla La Torre, Andreas Kindsmüller, Seokki Son, Rainer Waser, Vikas Rana, Stephan Menzel
2020 Misc conf
VLSID
Vivek Tyagi, Vikas Rana, Laura Capecchi, Marcella Carissimi, Marco Pasotti
2020 conf
SoCC
Vikas Rana, Shivam Kalla
2019 conf
ESSCIRC
Marcella Carissimi, Ritesh Mukherjee, Vivek Tyagi, Fabio Disegni, Davide Manfrè, Cesare Torti, Daniele Gallinari, Sandro Rossi, Andrea Gambero, Donatella Brambilla, Paola Zuliani, Riccardo Zurla, Alessandro Cabrini, Guido Torelli, Marco Pasotti, Chantal Auricchio, Emanuela Calvetti, Laura Capecchi, Luigi Croce, Stefano Zanchi, Vikas Rana, Preeti Mishra
2019 Misc conf
VLSID
Vivek Tyagi, Vikas Rana, Laura Capecchi, Marcella Carissimi, Riccardo Zurla, Marco Pasotti
2018 J jnl
IEEE J. Solid State Circuits
Marco Pasotti, Riccardo Zurla, Marcella Carissimi, Chantal Auricchio, Donatella Brambilla, Emanuela Calvetti, Laura Capecchi, Luigi Croce, Daniele Gallinari, Cristina Mazzaglia, Vikas Rana, Alessandro Cabrini, Guido Torelli
2018 conf
ISVLSI
Vikas Rana
2018 Misc conf
VLSID
Vikas Rana
2018 J jnl
Microelectron. J.
Vikas Rana, Marco Pasotti, Marcella Carissimi
2018 J jnl
IEEE Trans. Circuits Syst. II Express Briefs
Vikas Rana, Rohan Sinha
2018 conf
APCCAS
Vikas Rana
2018 conf
APCCAS
Vikas Rana, Abhishek Mittal
2017 conf
VDAT
Vivek Tyagi, Mohammad S. Hashmi, Ganesh Raj, Vikas Rana
2017 conf
VDAT
Vivek Tyagi, Mohammad S. Hashmi, Ganesh Raj, Vikas Rana
2017 conf
ESSCIRC
Marco Pasotti, Marcella Carissimi, Chantal Auricchio, Donatella Brambilla, Emanuela Calvetti, Laura Capecchi, Luigi Croce, Daniele Gallinari, Cristina Mazzaglia, Vikas Rana, Riccardo Zurla, Alessandro Cabrini, Guido Torelli
2017 C conf
VLSI-SoC
Vikas Rana, Marco Pasotti, F. Desantis
2016 Misc conf
VLSID
Amit Chhabra, Vikas Rana
2016 conf
ESSDERC
Wonjoo Kim, Dirk J. Wouters, Stephan Menzel, Christian Rodenbucher, Rainer Waser, Vikas Rana
2012 C conf
ISCAS
Rainer Waser, Stephan Menzel, Vikas Rana
redb/extractors/apk_extractors/apk_signature.py
← Index redb/extractors/apk_extractors/apk_signature.py python
import hashlib
import inspect
from datetime import datetime, timezone
from typing import Any, Optional, Tuple

from redb.extractors.enum import Tag
from redb.extractors.apk_extractor import APKExtractor
from redb.models.dataclasses import APKCertificate, APKCodeSigningInfo


# OID to RFC 4514 short name mapping
_OID_SHORT_NAMES = {
    '2.5.4.3': 'CN', '2.5.4.6': 'C', '2.5.4.7': 'L', '2.5.4.8': 'ST',
    '2.5.4.10': 'O', '2.5.4.11': 'OU', '1.2.840.113549.1.9.1': 'E',
    '2.5.4.5': 'SERIALNUMBER', '2.5.4.12': 'T', '2.5.4.42': 'GN',
    '2.5.4.4': 'SN', '2.5.4.9': 'STREET', '2.5.4.17': 'POSTALCODE',
}


def _asn1_name_to_rfc4514(name):
    """Convert an asn1crypto x509.Name to RFC 4514 string (CN=..., O=...)."""
    parts = []
    for rdn in name.chosen:
        for attr in rdn:
            oid = attr['type'].dotted
            val = attr['value'].native
            short = _OID_SHORT_NAMES.get(oid, oid)
            parts.append(f'{short}={val}')
    return ', '.join(parts)


class APKSignatureExtractor(APKExtractor):

    def __init__(
        self, filepath, log, exporters=None, index_prefix=None,
        known_benign=False, known_malicious=False,
        apk=None,
    ):
        super().__init__(
            filepath, log, exporters, index_prefix,
            known_benign, known_malicious, apk,
        )
        self.signing_info = None
        self.log.debug(inspect.currentframe().f_code.co_name)

    def tag(self):
        return Tag.APK_SIGNATURE.value

    def _detect_signature_schemes(self):
        """Detect which APK signature schemes are present."""
        schemes = []
        try:
            if self.apk.is_signed_v1():
                schemes.append(1)
        except Exception:
            pass
        try:
            if self.apk.is_signed_v2():
                schemes.append(2)
        except Exception:
            pass
        try:
            if self.apk.is_signed_v3():
                schemes.append(3)
        except Exception:
            pass
        return schemes

    def _extract_certificate_info(self, cert, source_scheme=None):
        """Extract certificate details from an androguard certificate object."""
        try:
            # Subject and Issuer — asn1crypto doesn't have rfc4514_string, convert manually
            subject = _asn1_name_to_rfc4514(cert.subject)
            issuer = _asn1_name_to_rfc4514(cert.issuer)

            # Serial number
            serial = str(cert.serial_number)

            # Validity
            valid_from = cert.not_valid_before
            valid_to = cert.not_valid_after
            if isinstance(valid_from, datetime):
                valid_from = valid_from.strftime("%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S")
            else:
                valid_from = str(valid_from)
            if isinstance(valid_to, datetime):
                valid_to = valid_to.strftime("%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S")
            else:
                valid_to = str(valid_to)

            # Thumbprints
            cert_der = cert.dump()
            thumbprint_sha1 = hashlib.sha1(cert_der).hexdigest()
            thumbprint_sha256 = hashlib.sha256(cert_der).hexdigest()

            # Algorithm
            algorithm = None
            try:
                algorithm = cert.hash_algo
            except Exception:
                try:
                    algorithm = cert.signature_algo
                except Exception:
                    pass

            # Key size
            key_size = None
            try:
                pub_key = cert.public_key
                if hasattr(pub_key, 'bit_size'):
                    key_size = pub_key.bit_size
                elif hasattr(pub_key, 'key_size'):
                    key_size = pub_key.key_size
            except Exception:
                pass

            # Self-signed check
            is_self_signed = cert.subject == cert.issuer

            return APKCertificate(
                subject=subject,
                issuer=issuer,
                serial_number=serial,
                valid_from=valid_from,
                valid_to=valid_to,
                thumbprint_sha1=thumbprint_sha1,
                thumbprint_sha256=thumbprint_sha256,
                algorithm=algorithm,
                key_size=key_size,
                is_self_signed=is_self_signed,
                certificate_source_scheme=source_scheme,
            )
        except Exception as e:
            self.log.error(f"Error extracting certificate info: {e}")
            return None

    def _get_signer_certificate(self, schemes) -> Tuple[Optional[APKCertificate], Optional[str]]:
        """Identify the actual signer certificate using V3>V2>V1 priority.

        V2/V3: certificates[0] is the signer per spec.
        V1: androguard's get_certificate() does SignerInfo matching internally.

        Returns (signer_cert_info, source_scheme) or (None, None).
        """
        # V3 takes priority (Android 9+)
        if 3 in schemes:
            try:
                certs = self.apk.get_certificates_v3()
                if certs:
                    cert_info = self._extract_certificate_info(certs[0], source_scheme='v3')
                    if cert_info:
                        return cert_info, 'v3'
            except Exception as e:
                self.log.debug(f"V3 signer extraction failed: {e}")

        # V2 next (Android 7.0+)
        if 2 in schemes:
            try:
                certs = self.apk.get_certificates_v2()
                if certs:
                    cert_info = self._extract_certificate_info(certs[0], source_scheme='v2')
                    if cert_info:
                        return cert_info, 'v2'
            except Exception as e:
                self.log.debug(f"V2 signer extraction failed: {e}")

        # V1 fallback — androguard does SignerInfo.issuerAndSerialNumber matching
        if 1 in schemes:
            try:
                names = self.apk.get_signature_names()
                if names:
                    cert = self.apk.get_certificate(names[0])
                    if cert:
                        cert_info = self._extract_certificate_info(cert, source_scheme='v1')
                        if cert_info:
                            return cert_info, 'v1'
            except Exception as e:
                self.log.debug(f"V1 signer extraction failed: {e}")

        return None, None

    def _extract_all_certificates(self, schemes):
        """Extract all certificates with their source scheme tracked.

        Uses scheme-specific methods to preserve source information,
        deduplicating by thumbprint_sha1 and merging source schemes.
        """
        # cert thumbprint -> (APKCertificate, set of source schemes)
        seen = {}

        for scheme_num, method_name in [
            (3, 'get_certificates_v3'),
            (2, 'get_certificates_v2'),
            (1, 'get_certificates_v1'),
        ]:
            if scheme_num not in schemes:
                continue
            try:
                method = getattr(self.apk, method_name, None)
                if method is None:
                    continue
                certs = method()
                if not certs:
                    continue
                for cert in certs:
                    cert_info = self._extract_certificate_info(cert, source_scheme=f'v{scheme_num}')
                    if cert_info:
                        key = cert_info.thumbprint_sha1
                        if key in seen:
                            # Merge source schemes
                            existing_cert, existing_schemes = seen[key]
                            existing_schemes.add(f'v{scheme_num}')
                        else:
                            seen[key] = (cert_info, {f'v{scheme_num}'})
            except Exception as e:
                self.log.warning(f"Error extracting v{scheme_num} certificates: {e}")

        # Build final list with merged source schemes
        result = []
        for cert_info, source_schemes in seen.values():
            cert_info.certificate_source_scheme = ','.join(sorted(source_schemes))
            result.append(cert_info)

        return result

    def extract(self):
        if not self._is_valid_apk():
            self.log.error(f"Invalid APK for {self.hash.sha256}")
            return None

        schemes = self._detect_signature_schemes()
        is_signed = len(schemes) > 0

        # Extract all certificates with source scheme tracking
        certificates = self._extract_all_certificates(schemes)

        # Identify the actual signer using V3>V2>V1 priority
        signer_cert, signer_scheme = self._get_signer_certificate(schemes)

        apk_signer_subject = signer_cert.subject if signer_cert else None
        apk_signer_issuer = signer_cert.issuer if signer_cert else None

        self.signing_info = APKCodeSigningInfo(
            _id=self.sha256,
            is_signed=is_signed,
            signature_scheme_versions=schemes,
            number_of_certificates=len(certificates),
            x509_certificates=certificates if certificates else None,
            apk_signer_subject=apk_signer_subject,
            apk_signer_issuer=apk_signer_issuer,
        )
        return self.signing_info

    def prepare_export_data(self, exporter_type: str) -> Any:
        if exporter_type == "ClickHouseExporter":
            if not self.signing_info:
                return None

            current_time = datetime.now(timezone.utc)
            sig = self.signing_info

            # Signature summary table
            signature_data = [[
                self.sha256,
                int(sig.is_signed),
                sig.signature_scheme_versions,
                sig.number_of_certificates,
                sig.apk_signer_subject,
                sig.apk_signer_issuer,
                current_time,
            ]]

            # Certificates table (one row per certificate)
            certificates_data = []
            if sig.x509_certificates:
                for cert in sig.x509_certificates:
                    certificates_data.append([
                        self.sha256,
                        cert.subject,
                        cert.issuer,
                        cert.serial_number,
                        datetime.strptime(cert.valid_from, "%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S") if cert.valid_from else None,
                        datetime.strptime(cert.valid_to, "%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S") if cert.valid_to else None,
                        cert.thumbprint_sha1,
                        cert.algorithm,
                        cert.key_size,
                        int(cert.is_self_signed),
                        cert.certificate_source_scheme,
                        current_time,
                    ])

            return {
                'multi_table': True,
                'signature': {
                    'table': 'redb_apk_signature',
                    'data': signature_data,
                    'column_names': [
                        'sha256',
                        'is_signed', 'signature_scheme_versions',
                        'number_of_certificates',
                        'apk_signer_subject', 'apk_signer_issuer',
                        'analysis_date',
                    ],
                    'column_type_names': [
                        'FixedString(64)',
                        'UInt8', 'Array(UInt8)',
                        'UInt8',
                        'Nullable(String)', 'Nullable(String)',
                        "DateTime64(3, 'UTC')",
                    ],
                },
                'certificates': {
                    'table': 'redb_apk_certificates',
                    'data': certificates_data,
                    'column_names': [
                        'sha256', 'certificate_subject', 'certificate_issuer',
                        'certificate_serial_number',
                        'certificate_valid_from', 'certificate_valid_to',
                        'certificate_thumbprint',
                        'certificate_algorithm', 'key_size', 'is_self_signed',
                        'certificate_source_scheme',
                        'analysis_date',
                    ],
                    'column_type_names': [
                        'FixedString(64)', 'String', 'String', 'String',
                        "DateTime64(3, 'UTC')", "DateTime64(3, 'UTC')",
                        'FixedString(40)',
                        'LowCardinality(String)', 'Nullable(UInt16)', 'UInt8',
                        'LowCardinality(String)',
                        "DateTime64(3, 'UTC')",
                    ],
                },
            }

    def get_clickhouse_table(self) -> str:
        return "redb_apk_signature"