Varuna De Silva

67 papers A 2B 3C 6Journal 40Unranked 16
YearRankTypeTitle / Venue / Authors
2026 J jnl
CoRR
Charuka Herath, Yogachandran Rahulamathavan, Varuna De Silva, Sangarapillai Lambotharan
2025 J jnl
Neurocomputing
Sharmarke A. Gabayre, Mindula Illeperuma, Varuna De Silva, Xiyu Shi, Sergey E. Savel'ev
2025 J jnl
CoRR
Charuka Herath, Yogachandran Rahulamathavan, Varuna De Silva, Sangarapillai Lambotharan
2025 J jnl
Neurocomputing
Rafael Pina, Varuna De Silva, Corentin Artaud
2025 conf
DSP
Mindula Illeperuma, Varuna De Silva, Rafael Pina
2025 conf
DSP
Sharmarke A. Gabayre, Varuna De Silva, Xiyu Shi
2025 C conf
ICPRAM
Rafael Pina, Varuna De Silva
2025 B conf
COMPSAC
Corentin Artaud, Rafael Pina, Varuna De Silva, Xiyu Shi
2025 conf
xAI (Late-breaking Work, Demos, Doctoral Consortium)
Yogachandran Rahulamathavan, Misbah Farooq, Varuna De Silva
2025 J jnl
IEEE J. Sel. Top. Signal Process.
Yogachandran Rahulamathavan, Misbah Farooq, Varuna De Silva
2025 J jnl
CoRR
Yogachandran Rahulamathavan, Misbah Farooq, Varuna De Silva
2025 conf
DSP
Rafael Pina, Varuna De Silva, Mindula Illeperuma
2025 conf
DSP
Misbah Farooq, Varuna De Silva, Rahul Rahulamathavan, Xiyu Shi
2024 J jnl
Knowl. Based Syst.
Chaoyi Gu, Varuna De Silva, Mike Caine
2024 J jnl
Environ. Model. Softw.
Haoyang Qin, Qiuhua Liang, Huili Chen, Varuna De Silva
2024 A conf
AAMAS
Rafael Pina, Varuna De Silva, Corentin Artaud, Xiaolan Liu
2024 J jnl
CoRR
Rafael Pina, Varuna De Silva, Corentin Artaud, Xiaolan Liu
2024 J jnl
CoRR
Chaoyi Gu, Jiaming Na, Yisheng Pei, Varuna De Silva
2024 J jnl
IEEE Trans. Neural Networks Learn. Syst.
Rafael Pina, Varuna De Silva, Joosep Hook, Ahmet M. Kondoz
2024 C conf
ICPRAM
Rafael Pina, Varuna De Silva, Corentin Artaud
2023 A conf
AAMAS
Rafael Pina, Varuna De Silva, Corentin Artaud
2023 J jnl
CoRR
Rafael Pina, Varuna De Silva, Corentin Artaud
2023 J jnl
CoRR
Chaoyi Gu, Varuna De Silva
2023 J jnl
CoRR
Rafael Pina, Varuna De Silva, Corentin Artaud
2023 J jnl
CoRR
Chaoyi Gu, Varuna De Silva, Corentin Artaud, Rafael Pina
2023 C conf
ICPRAM
Rafael Pina, Varuna De Silva, Corentin Artaud
2023 J jnl
CoRR
Rafael Pina, Varuna De Silva, Corentin Artaud
2023 conf
ISPR (1)
Yisheng Pei, Varuna De Silva, Mike Caine
2023 J jnl
CoRR
Yisheng Pei, Varuna De Silva, Mike Caine
2023 conf
ISPR (2)
Corentin Artaud, Rafael Pina, Xiyu Shi, Varuna De Silva
2023 conf
ISPR (2)
Rafael Pina, Corentin Artaud, Xiaolan Liu, Varuna De Silva
2023 J jnl
CoRR
Rafael Pina, Corentin Artaud, Xiaolan Liu, Varuna De Silva
2023 C conf
ICPRAM
Anthony James Scotte, Varuna De Silva
2023 J jnl
CoRR
Jiaming Na, Varuna De Silva
2022 J jnl
IEEE Trans. Cybern.
Jamie Roche, Varuna De Silva, Joosep Hook, Mirco Moencks, Ahmet M. Kondoz
2022 J jnl
IEEE Trans. Cybern.
Jamie Roche, Varuna De Silva, Ahmet M. Kondoz
2022 J jnl
Entropy
Xiyu Shi, Varuna De Silva, Yusuf Aslan, Erhan Ekmekcioglu, Ahmet M. Kondoz
2022 J jnl
CoRR
Rafael Pina, Varuna De Silva, Joosep Hook, Ahmet M. Kondoz
2022 conf
SAI (1)
Haileleol Tibebu, Aadin Malik, Varuna De Silva
2022 J jnl
CoRR
Haileleol Tibebu, Aadin Malik, Varuna De Silva
2022 J jnl
Sensors
Haileleol Tibebu, Varuna De Silva, Corentin Artaud, Rafael Pina, Xiyu Shi
2022 J jnl
Entropy
Eyad Alsaghir, Xiyu Shi, Varuna De Silva, Ahmet M. Kondoz
2021 J jnl
Cogn. Syst. Res.
Joosep Hook, Seif El-Sedky, Varuna De Silva, Ahmet M. Kondoz
2021 J jnl
Sensors
Haileleol Tibebu, Jamie Roche, Varuna De Silva, Ahmet M. Kondoz
2021 J jnl
Sensors
Rafael Pina, Haileleol Tibebu, Joosep Hook, Varuna De Silva, Ahmet M. Kondoz
2020 J jnl
CoRR
Varuna De Silva
2020 J jnl
Neural Networks
Joosep Hook, Varuna De Silva, Ahmet M. Kondoz
2019 J jnl
CoRR
Mirco Moencks, Varuna De Silva, Jamie Roche, Ahmet M. Kondoz
2019 J jnl
Remote. Sens.
Katie Inder, Varuna De Silva, Xiyu Shi
2018 conf
IntelliSys (2)
Varuna De Silva, Xiongzhao Wang, A. Deniz Aladagli, Ahmet M. Kondoz, Erhan Ekmekcioglu
2018 conf
DASC/PiCom/DataCom/CyberSciTech
Varuna De Silva, Jamie Roche, Xiyu Shi, Ahmet M. Kondoz
2018 J jnl
Sensors
Varuna De Silva, Jamie Roche, Ahmet M. Kondoz
2017 J jnl
CoRR
Xiongzhao Wang, Varuna De Silva, Ahmet M. Kondoz
2017 J jnl
CoRR
Varuna De Silva, Jamie Roche, Ahmet M. Kondoz
2016 conf
Digital Photography and Mobile Imaging
Varuna De Silva, Viacheslav Chesnokov, Daniel Larkin
2015 conf
3DTV-Conference
Chathura Galkandage, Janko Calic, Varuna De Silva, Safak Dogan
2014 conf
CICSyN
Emad Danish, Varuna De Silva, Anil Fernando
2014 C conf
ICCE
Emad Danish, Varuna De Silva, Anil Fernando, Chamitha de Alwis, Ahmet M. Kondoz
2014 J jnl
IEEE Trans. Consumer Electron.
Emad Danish, Varuna De Silva, Anil Fernando, Chamitha de Alwis, Ahmet M. Kondoz
2014 C conf
ICCE
Chamitha de Alwis, Hemantha Kodikara Arachchi, Anil Fernando, Varuna De Silva, Emad Danish, Ahmet M. Kondoz
2014 B conf
QoMEX
Erhan Ekmekcioglu, Varuna De Silva, Safak Dogan, Ahmet M. Kondoz
2014 J jnl
IEEE J. Sel. Top. Signal Process.
Erhan Ekmekcioglu, Varuna De Silva, Peter Tho Pesch, Ahmet M. Kondoz
2013 conf
Future Network & Mobile Summit
Varuna De Silva, Xiyu Shi, Barry G. Evans, Javier P. Trufero, Graham Peters
2013 conf
ICC Workshops
Chamitha de Alwis, Varuna De Silva, Hemantha Kodikara Arachchi, Anil Fernando, Ahmet M. Kondoz
2013 J jnl
IEEE Trans. Image Process.
Varuna De Silva, Hemantha Kodikara Arachchi, Erhan Ekmekcioglu, Ahmet M. Kondoz
2012 B conf
ICIP
Chamitha de Alwis, Hemantha Kodikara Arachchi, Varuna De Silva, Anil Fernando, Ahmet M. Kondoz
2011 J jnl
IEEE Trans. Multim.
Varuna De Silva, Anil Fernando, Stewart Worrall, Hemantha Kodikara Arachchi, Ahmet M. Kondoz
redb/extractors/apk_extractors/apk_signature.py
← Index redb/extractors/apk_extractors/apk_signature.py python
import hashlib
import inspect
from datetime import datetime, timezone
from typing import Any, Optional, Tuple

from redb.extractors.enum import Tag
from redb.extractors.apk_extractor import APKExtractor
from redb.models.dataclasses import APKCertificate, APKCodeSigningInfo


# OID to RFC 4514 short name mapping
_OID_SHORT_NAMES = {
    '2.5.4.3': 'CN', '2.5.4.6': 'C', '2.5.4.7': 'L', '2.5.4.8': 'ST',
    '2.5.4.10': 'O', '2.5.4.11': 'OU', '1.2.840.113549.1.9.1': 'E',
    '2.5.4.5': 'SERIALNUMBER', '2.5.4.12': 'T', '2.5.4.42': 'GN',
    '2.5.4.4': 'SN', '2.5.4.9': 'STREET', '2.5.4.17': 'POSTALCODE',
}


def _asn1_name_to_rfc4514(name):
    """Convert an asn1crypto x509.Name to RFC 4514 string (CN=..., O=...)."""
    parts = []
    for rdn in name.chosen:
        for attr in rdn:
            oid = attr['type'].dotted
            val = attr['value'].native
            short = _OID_SHORT_NAMES.get(oid, oid)
            parts.append(f'{short}={val}')
    return ', '.join(parts)


class APKSignatureExtractor(APKExtractor):

    def __init__(
        self, filepath, log, exporters=None, index_prefix=None,
        known_benign=False, known_malicious=False,
        apk=None,
    ):
        super().__init__(
            filepath, log, exporters, index_prefix,
            known_benign, known_malicious, apk,
        )
        self.signing_info = None
        self.log.debug(inspect.currentframe().f_code.co_name)

    def tag(self):
        return Tag.APK_SIGNATURE.value

    def _detect_signature_schemes(self):
        """Detect which APK signature schemes are present."""
        schemes = []
        try:
            if self.apk.is_signed_v1():
                schemes.append(1)
        except Exception:
            pass
        try:
            if self.apk.is_signed_v2():
                schemes.append(2)
        except Exception:
            pass
        try:
            if self.apk.is_signed_v3():
                schemes.append(3)
        except Exception:
            pass
        return schemes

    def _extract_certificate_info(self, cert, source_scheme=None):
        """Extract certificate details from an androguard certificate object."""
        try:
            # Subject and Issuer — asn1crypto doesn't have rfc4514_string, convert manually
            subject = _asn1_name_to_rfc4514(cert.subject)
            issuer = _asn1_name_to_rfc4514(cert.issuer)

            # Serial number
            serial = str(cert.serial_number)

            # Validity
            valid_from = cert.not_valid_before
            valid_to = cert.not_valid_after
            if isinstance(valid_from, datetime):
                valid_from = valid_from.strftime("%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S")
            else:
                valid_from = str(valid_from)
            if isinstance(valid_to, datetime):
                valid_to = valid_to.strftime("%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S")
            else:
                valid_to = str(valid_to)

            # Thumbprints
            cert_der = cert.dump()
            thumbprint_sha1 = hashlib.sha1(cert_der).hexdigest()
            thumbprint_sha256 = hashlib.sha256(cert_der).hexdigest()

            # Algorithm
            algorithm = None
            try:
                algorithm = cert.hash_algo
            except Exception:
                try:
                    algorithm = cert.signature_algo
                except Exception:
                    pass

            # Key size
            key_size = None
            try:
                pub_key = cert.public_key
                if hasattr(pub_key, 'bit_size'):
                    key_size = pub_key.bit_size
                elif hasattr(pub_key, 'key_size'):
                    key_size = pub_key.key_size
            except Exception:
                pass

            # Self-signed check
            is_self_signed = cert.subject == cert.issuer

            return APKCertificate(
                subject=subject,
                issuer=issuer,
                serial_number=serial,
                valid_from=valid_from,
                valid_to=valid_to,
                thumbprint_sha1=thumbprint_sha1,
                thumbprint_sha256=thumbprint_sha256,
                algorithm=algorithm,
                key_size=key_size,
                is_self_signed=is_self_signed,
                certificate_source_scheme=source_scheme,
            )
        except Exception as e:
            self.log.error(f"Error extracting certificate info: {e}")
            return None

    def _get_signer_certificate(self, schemes) -> Tuple[Optional[APKCertificate], Optional[str]]:
        """Identify the actual signer certificate using V3>V2>V1 priority.

        V2/V3: certificates[0] is the signer per spec.
        V1: androguard's get_certificate() does SignerInfo matching internally.

        Returns (signer_cert_info, source_scheme) or (None, None).
        """
        # V3 takes priority (Android 9+)
        if 3 in schemes:
            try:
                certs = self.apk.get_certificates_v3()
                if certs:
                    cert_info = self._extract_certificate_info(certs[0], source_scheme='v3')
                    if cert_info:
                        return cert_info, 'v3'
            except Exception as e:
                self.log.debug(f"V3 signer extraction failed: {e}")

        # V2 next (Android 7.0+)
        if 2 in schemes:
            try:
                certs = self.apk.get_certificates_v2()
                if certs:
                    cert_info = self._extract_certificate_info(certs[0], source_scheme='v2')
                    if cert_info:
                        return cert_info, 'v2'
            except Exception as e:
                self.log.debug(f"V2 signer extraction failed: {e}")

        # V1 fallback — androguard does SignerInfo.issuerAndSerialNumber matching
        if 1 in schemes:
            try:
                names = self.apk.get_signature_names()
                if names:
                    cert = self.apk.get_certificate(names[0])
                    if cert:
                        cert_info = self._extract_certificate_info(cert, source_scheme='v1')
                        if cert_info:
                            return cert_info, 'v1'
            except Exception as e:
                self.log.debug(f"V1 signer extraction failed: {e}")

        return None, None

    def _extract_all_certificates(self, schemes):
        """Extract all certificates with their source scheme tracked.

        Uses scheme-specific methods to preserve source information,
        deduplicating by thumbprint_sha1 and merging source schemes.
        """
        # cert thumbprint -> (APKCertificate, set of source schemes)
        seen = {}

        for scheme_num, method_name in [
            (3, 'get_certificates_v3'),
            (2, 'get_certificates_v2'),
            (1, 'get_certificates_v1'),
        ]:
            if scheme_num not in schemes:
                continue
            try:
                method = getattr(self.apk, method_name, None)
                if method is None:
                    continue
                certs = method()
                if not certs:
                    continue
                for cert in certs:
                    cert_info = self._extract_certificate_info(cert, source_scheme=f'v{scheme_num}')
                    if cert_info:
                        key = cert_info.thumbprint_sha1
                        if key in seen:
                            # Merge source schemes
                            existing_cert, existing_schemes = seen[key]
                            existing_schemes.add(f'v{scheme_num}')
                        else:
                            seen[key] = (cert_info, {f'v{scheme_num}'})
            except Exception as e:
                self.log.warning(f"Error extracting v{scheme_num} certificates: {e}")

        # Build final list with merged source schemes
        result = []
        for cert_info, source_schemes in seen.values():
            cert_info.certificate_source_scheme = ','.join(sorted(source_schemes))
            result.append(cert_info)

        return result

    def extract(self):
        if not self._is_valid_apk():
            self.log.error(f"Invalid APK for {self.hash.sha256}")
            return None

        schemes = self._detect_signature_schemes()
        is_signed = len(schemes) > 0

        # Extract all certificates with source scheme tracking
        certificates = self._extract_all_certificates(schemes)

        # Identify the actual signer using V3>V2>V1 priority
        signer_cert, signer_scheme = self._get_signer_certificate(schemes)

        apk_signer_subject = signer_cert.subject if signer_cert else None
        apk_signer_issuer = signer_cert.issuer if signer_cert else None

        self.signing_info = APKCodeSigningInfo(
            _id=self.sha256,
            is_signed=is_signed,
            signature_scheme_versions=schemes,
            number_of_certificates=len(certificates),
            x509_certificates=certificates if certificates else None,
            apk_signer_subject=apk_signer_subject,
            apk_signer_issuer=apk_signer_issuer,
        )
        return self.signing_info

    def prepare_export_data(self, exporter_type: str) -> Any:
        if exporter_type == "ClickHouseExporter":
            if not self.signing_info:
                return None

            current_time = datetime.now(timezone.utc)
            sig = self.signing_info

            # Signature summary table
            signature_data = [[
                self.sha256,
                int(sig.is_signed),
                sig.signature_scheme_versions,
                sig.number_of_certificates,
                sig.apk_signer_subject,
                sig.apk_signer_issuer,
                current_time,
            ]]

            # Certificates table (one row per certificate)
            certificates_data = []
            if sig.x509_certificates:
                for cert in sig.x509_certificates:
                    certificates_data.append([
                        self.sha256,
                        cert.subject,
                        cert.issuer,
                        cert.serial_number,
                        datetime.strptime(cert.valid_from, "%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S") if cert.valid_from else None,
                        datetime.strptime(cert.valid_to, "%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S") if cert.valid_to else None,
                        cert.thumbprint_sha1,
                        cert.algorithm,
                        cert.key_size,
                        int(cert.is_self_signed),
                        cert.certificate_source_scheme,
                        current_time,
                    ])

            return {
                'multi_table': True,
                'signature': {
                    'table': 'redb_apk_signature',
                    'data': signature_data,
                    'column_names': [
                        'sha256',
                        'is_signed', 'signature_scheme_versions',
                        'number_of_certificates',
                        'apk_signer_subject', 'apk_signer_issuer',
                        'analysis_date',
                    ],
                    'column_type_names': [
                        'FixedString(64)',
                        'UInt8', 'Array(UInt8)',
                        'UInt8',
                        'Nullable(String)', 'Nullable(String)',
                        "DateTime64(3, 'UTC')",
                    ],
                },
                'certificates': {
                    'table': 'redb_apk_certificates',
                    'data': certificates_data,
                    'column_names': [
                        'sha256', 'certificate_subject', 'certificate_issuer',
                        'certificate_serial_number',
                        'certificate_valid_from', 'certificate_valid_to',
                        'certificate_thumbprint',
                        'certificate_algorithm', 'key_size', 'is_self_signed',
                        'certificate_source_scheme',
                        'analysis_date',
                    ],
                    'column_type_names': [
                        'FixedString(64)', 'String', 'String', 'String',
                        "DateTime64(3, 'UTC')", "DateTime64(3, 'UTC')",
                        'FixedString(40)',
                        'LowCardinality(String)', 'Nullable(UInt16)', 'UInt8',
                        'LowCardinality(String)',
                        "DateTime64(3, 'UTC')",
                    ],
                },
            }

    def get_clickhouse_table(self) -> str:
        return "redb_apk_signature"