Varun Nagaraja

18 papers A 2Misc 3Journal 11Unranked 2
YearRankTypeTitle / Venue / Authors
2026 J jnl
CoRR
Ashish Seth, Xinhao Mei, Changsheng Zhao, Varun Nagaraja, Ernie Chang, Gregory P. Meyer, Gaël Le Lan, Yunyang Xiong, Vikas Chandra, Yangyang Shi, Dinesh Manocha, Zhipeng Cai
2026 J jnl
CoRR
Xinhao Mei, Gaël Le Lan, Haohe Liu, Zhaoheng Ni, Varun Nagaraja, Yang Liu, Yangyang Shi, Vikas Chandra
2024 conf
SLT
Lemeng Wu, Zhaoheng Ni, Bowen Shi, Gaël Le Lan, Anurag Kumar, Varun Nagaraja, Xinhao Mei, Yunyang Xiong, Bilge Soran, Raghuraman Krishnamoorthi, Wei-Ning Hsu, Yangyang Shi, Vikas Chandra
2024 conf
MLSP
Xinhao Mei, Varun Nagaraja, Gaël Le Lan, Zhaoheng Ni, Ernie Chang, Yangyang Shi, Vikas Chandra
2024 J jnl
CoRR
Gaël Le Lan, Bowen Shi, Zhaoheng Ni, Sidd Srinivasan, Anurag Kumar, Brian Ellis, David Kant, Varun Nagaraja, Ernie Chang, Wei-Ning Hsu, Yangyang Shi, Vikas Chandra
2024 Misc conf
ICASSP
Ernie Chang, Sidd Srinivasan, Mahi Luthra, Pin-Jie Lin, Varun Nagaraja, Forrest N. Iandola, Zechun Liu, Zhaoheng Ni, Changsheng Zhao, Yangyang Shi, Vikas Chandra
2024 Misc conf
ICASSP
Gaël Le Lan, Varun Nagaraja, Ernie Chang, David Kant, Zhaoheng Ni, Yangyang Shi, Forrest N. Iandola, Vikas Chandra
2024 J jnl
CoRR
Haohe Liu, Gaël Le Lan, Xinhao Mei, Zhaoheng Ni, Anurag Kumar, Varun Nagaraja, Wenwu Wang, Mark D. Plumbley, Yangyang Shi, Vikas Chandra
2023 J jnl
CoRR
Yangyang Shi, Gaël Le Lan, Varun Nagaraja, Zhaoheng Ni, Xinhao Mei, Ernie Chang, Forrest N. Iandola, Yang Liu, Vikas Chandra
2023 J jnl
CoRR
Xinhao Mei, Varun Nagaraja, Gaël Le Lan, Zhaoheng Ni, Ernie Chang, Yangyang Shi, Vikas Chandra
2023 J jnl
CoRR
Ernie Chang, Sidd Srinivasan, Mahi Luthra, Pin-Jie Lin, Varun Nagaraja, Forrest N. Iandola, Zechun Liu, Zhaoheng Ni, Changsheng Zhao, Yangyang Shi, Vikas Chandra
2023 J jnl
CoRR
Gaël Le Lan, Varun Nagaraja, Ernie Chang, David Kant, Zhaoheng Ni, Yangyang Shi, Forrest N. Iandola, Vikas Chandra
2022 Misc conf
ICASSP
Yangyang Shi, Chunyang Wu, Dilin Wang, Alex Xiao, Jay Mahadeokar, Xiaohui Zhang, Chunxi Liu, Ke Li, Yuan Shangguan, Varun Nagaraja, Ozlem Kalinli, Mike Seltzer
2021 A conf
Interspeech
Varun Nagaraja, Yangyang Shi, Ganesh Venkatesh, Ozlem Kalinli, Michael L. Seltzer, Vikas Chandra
2021 J jnl
CoRR
Varun Nagaraja, Yangyang Shi, Ganesh Venkatesh, Ozlem Kalinli, Michael L. Seltzer, Vikas Chandra
2021 J jnl
CoRR
Yangyang Shi, Varun Nagaraja, Chunyang Wu, Jay Mahadeokar, Duc Le, Rohit Prabhavalkar, Alex Xiao, Ching-Feng Yeh, Julian Chan, Christian Fuegen, Ozlem Kalinli, Michael L. Seltzer
2021 A conf
Interspeech
Yangyang Shi, Varun Nagaraja, Chunyang Wu, Jay Mahadeokar, Duc Le, Rohit Prabhavalkar, Alex Xiao, Ching-Feng Yeh, Julian Chan, Christian Fuegen, Ozlem Kalinli, Michael L. Seltzer
2021 J jnl
CoRR
Yangyang Shi, Chunyang Wu, Dilin Wang, Alex Xiao, Jay Mahadeokar, Xiaohui Zhang, Chunxi Liu, Ke Li, Yuan Shangguan, Varun Nagaraja, Ozlem Kalinli, Mike Seltzer
redb/extractors/macho_extractors/macho_similarity_hashes.py
← Index redb/extractors/macho_extractors/macho_similarity_hashes.py python
import inspect
from datetime import datetime, timezone
from typing import Any

from redb.extractors.enum import Tag
from redb.extractors.macho_extractor import MachOExtractor


class MachOSimilarityHashExtractor(MachOExtractor):
    """Extract Mach-O similarity hashes using machofile API.

    Similarity hashes are MD5 fingerprints of sorted, deduplicated binary components:
    - dylib_hash: MD5 of dynamic library names
    - import_hash: MD5 of imported function names
    - export_hash: MD5 of exported symbol names
    - entitlement_hash: MD5 of entitlement names and array values
    - symhash: MD5 of external undefined symbols

    For FAT binaries:
    - Inserts one row per architecture slice with per-slice hashes
    - Inserts one row for the FAT container with combined hashes

    For single-arch binaries:
    - Inserts one row with that architecture's hashes

    Note: parent_sha256 and architecture relationships are tracked in redb_basic_properties,
    not duplicated here. Use JOIN with redb_basic_properties when needed.
    """

    def __init__(
        self,
        filepath,
        log,
        exporters=None,
        index_prefix=None,
        elastic_index=None,
        known_benign=False,
        known_malicious=False,
        macho=None,
    ):
        super().__init__(
            filepath,
            log,
            exporters,
            index_prefix,
            elastic_index,
            known_benign,
            known_malicious,
            macho,
        )
        self.elastic_index = self.index_prefix + "-macho_hashes"
        self.log.debug(inspect.currentframe().f_code.co_name)

    def tag(self):
        return Tag.MACHO_HASHES.value

    def _extract_similarity_hashes(self, arch_name=None):
        """Extract similarity hashes for a specific architecture."""
        self.log.debug(inspect.currentframe().f_code.co_name)

        if not self.macho:
            return None

        try:
            similarity_hashes = self.macho.get_similarity_hashes(arch=arch_name)
            return similarity_hashes if similarity_hashes else None
        except Exception as e:
            self.log.error(f"Error extracting similarity hashes for arch {arch_name}: {e}")
            return None

    def extract(self):
        self.log.debug(inspect.currentframe().f_code.co_name)
        try:
            if not self.macho:
                return None

            architectures = self.macho.get_architectures()
            if not architectures:
                return None

            if len(architectures) > 1:
                # FAT binary - return combined hashes + per-arch hashes
                results = []

                # First add combined hashes for the FAT container
                all_hashes = self.macho.get_similarity_hashes()
                combined_hashes = all_hashes.get('combined', {}) if all_hashes else {}
                if combined_hashes:
                    combined_hashes['arch_identifier'] = 'fat'
                    results.append(combined_hashes)

                # Then add per-arch hashes
                for arch_name in architectures:
                    hashes = self._extract_similarity_hashes(arch_name)
                    if hashes:
                        hashes['arch_identifier'] = arch_name
                        results.append(hashes)
                return results
            else:
                # Single architecture - return single result
                return self._extract_similarity_hashes(architectures[0])
        except Exception as e:
            self.log.error(f"Error extracting similarity hashes: {e}")
            return None

    def prepare_export_data(self, exporter_type: str) -> Any:
        if exporter_type == "ElasticsearchExporter":
            return self.extract()
        elif exporter_type == "ClickHouseExporter":
            if not self.macho:
                return None

            try:
                architectures = self.macho.get_architectures()
                is_fat = len(architectures) > 1
            except Exception as e:
                self.log.error(f"Could not get architectures: {e}")
                return None

            data = []
            current_time = datetime.now(timezone.utc)

            # For FAT binaries, first insert a row for the container with combined hashes
            if is_fat:
                all_hashes = self.macho.get_similarity_hashes()  # Without arch returns all including 'combined'
                combined_hashes = all_hashes.get('combined', {}) if all_hashes else {}
                if combined_hashes:
                    data.append([
                        self.sha256,                                    # sha256 (FAT container)
                        combined_hashes.get('dylib_hash'),              # dylib_hash
                        combined_hashes.get('import_hash'),             # import_hash
                        combined_hashes.get('export_hash'),             # export_hash
                        combined_hashes.get('entitlement_hash'),        # entitlement_hash
                        combined_hashes.get('symhash'),                 # symhash
                        current_time,                                   # analysis_date
                    ])

            # Insert rows for each architecture slice
            for arch_name in architectures:
                # Get architecture-specific sha256
                try:
                    arch_general_info = self.macho.get_general_info(arch=arch_name)
                    arch_sha256 = arch_general_info.get('SHA256', self.sha256)
                except Exception as e:
                    self.log.warning(f"Could not get arch-specific sha256 for {arch_name}: {e}")
                    arch_sha256 = self.sha256

                # Get similarity hashes for this architecture
                similarity_hashes = self._extract_similarity_hashes(arch_name)
                if not similarity_hashes:
                    continue

                data.append([
                    arch_sha256,                                    # sha256 (arch-specific)
                    similarity_hashes.get('dylib_hash'),            # dylib_hash
                    similarity_hashes.get('import_hash'),           # import_hash
                    similarity_hashes.get('export_hash'),           # export_hash
                    similarity_hashes.get('entitlement_hash'),      # entitlement_hash
                    similarity_hashes.get('symhash'),               # symhash
                    current_time,                                   # analysis_date
                ])

            if not data:
                return None

            column_names = [
                'sha256',
                'macho_dylib_hash', 'macho_import_hash', 'macho_export_hash',
                'macho_entitlement_hash', 'macho_symhash',
                'analysis_date'
            ]

            column_type_names = [
                'FixedString(64)',
                'Nullable(FixedString(32))', 'Nullable(FixedString(32))', 'Nullable(FixedString(32))',
                'Nullable(FixedString(32))', 'Nullable(FixedString(32))',
                'DateTime64(3, \'UTC\')'
            ]

            return (data, column_names, column_type_names)

        return None

    def get_clickhouse_table(self) -> str:
        return "redb_hashes"