Rana Abu Bakar

21 papers B 4C 1Journal 11Unranked 5
YearRankTypeTitle / Venue / Authors
2025 B conf
GLOBECOM
Rana Abu Bakar, Ahmed Salah Tawfik Ibrahim, Francesco Paolucci, Andrea Sgambelluri, Piero Castoldi, Filippo Cugini, Juan Jose Vegas Olmos
2025 conf
INFOCOM WKSHPS
Rana Abu Bakar, Piero Castoldi, Filippo Cugini, Francesco Paolucci
2025 B conf
GLOBECOM
Rana Abu Bakar, Francesco Paolucci, Filippo Cugini, Juan Jose Vegas Olmos, Lorenzo De Marinis
2025 conf
ICC Workshops
Rana Abu Bakar, Piero Castoldi, Francesco Paolucci, Filippo Cugini
2025 J jnl
J. Opt. Commun. Netw.
Piero Castoldi, Rana Abu Bakar, Andrea Sgambelluri, Juan Jose Vegas Olmos, Francesco Paolucci, Filippo Cugini
2024 C conf
HPSR
Rana Abu Bakar, Faris Alhamed, Piero Castoldi, Andrea Sgambelluri, Juan Jose Vegas Olmos, Filippo Cugini, Francesco Paolucci
2024 J jnl
IEEE Access
Muhammad Saqib Javed, Rana Abu Bakar
2024 J jnl
IEEE Access
Rana Abu Bakar, Francesco Paolucci, Filippo Cugini, Piero Castoldi, Juan Jose Vegas Olmos
2024 J jnl
Comput. Networks
Rana Abu Bakar, Lorenzo De Marinis, Filippo Cugini, Francesco Paolucci
2024 conf
OFC
Abraham Cano Aguilera, Rana Abu Bakar, Faris Alhamed, Carlos Rubio Garcia, José Luis Imaña, Idelfonso Tafur Monroy, Filippo Cugini, J. J. Vegas Olmos
2024 conf
CSCN
Sumeyya Birtane, Mays F. Al-Naday, Francesco Paolucci, Rana Abu Bakar, Vincent Lefebvre, Virgilios Passas, Sarantis Kalafatidis, Antonios Lalas, Anastasios Drosou, Edgardo Montes de Oca, Ana Rosa Cavalli, Péter Vörös, Mohammed B. Alshawki, Burkhard Stiller, Wissem Soussi, Gokcan Cantali, Gürkan Gür
2024 conf
OFC
Piero Castoldi, Rana Abu Bakar, Andrea Sgambelluri, Juan Jose Vegas Olmos, Francesco Paolucci, Filippo Cugini
2024 J jnl
IEEE Access
Muhammad Muzaffar Iqbal, Muhammad Daud Awan, Malik Sikander Hayat Khiyal, Rana Abu Bakar
2024 B conf
GLOBECOM
Stefano Hinic, Rana Abu Bakar, Andrea Marotta, Francesco Paolucci
2024 J jnl
Future Internet
Daniel C. Lawo, Rana Abu Bakar, Abraham Cano Aguilera, Filippo Cugini, José Luis Imaña, Idelfonso Tafur Monroy, Juan Jose Vegas Olmos
2023 J jnl
Sensors
Rana Abu Bakar, Xin Huang, Muhammad Saqib Javed, Shafiq Hussain, Muhammad Faran Majeed
2023 B conf
GLOBECOM
Lorenzo De Marinis, Emilio Paolini, Rana Abu Bakar, Filippo Cugini, Francesco Paolucci
2023 J jnl
Sensors
Rana Abu Bakar, Boonserm Kijsirikul
2023 J jnl
IEEE Internet Things J.
Haotian Yin, Xin Huang, Bin Xing, Jiajia Huang, Xiaoxin Sun, Jianshuang Li, Sheng Chai, Di Zhang, Rana Abu Bakar, Wei Wang
2022 J jnl
Sensors
Muhammad Arslan, Muhammad Faran Majeed, Rana Abu Bakar, Jawad Khan, Shafiq Hussain, Youngmoon Lee, Faheem Khan
2020 J jnl
IEEE Access
Rana Abu Bakar, Abdulaziz Aldegheishem, Muhammad Faran Majeed, Amjad Mehmood, Hafsa Maryam, Nabil Ali Alrajeh, Carsten Maple, Muhammad Jawad
redb/extractors/js_extractors/js_strings.py
← Index redb/extractors/js_extractors/js_strings.py python
import base64
import bisect
import inspect
import re
from datetime import datetime, timezone
from typing import Any

from redb.extractors.enum import Tag
from redb.extractors.js_extractor import JSExtractor
from redb.extractors.js_extractors.js_patterns import STRING_PATTERNS, line_offsets

# Local aliases for the compiled patterns this extractor uses. Defined and
# compiled exactly once in js_patterns.STRING_PATTERNS.
_HEX_STRING_RE = STRING_PATTERNS["hex_escape_seq"]
_UNICODE_STRING_RE = STRING_PATTERNS["unicode_escape_seq"]
_CHARCODE_RE = STRING_PATTERNS["charcode_call"]
_BASE64_STRING_RE = STRING_PATTERNS["base64_quoted"]
_CONCAT_STRING_RE = STRING_PATTERNS["concat_chain"]

# Tokeniser used inside _reconstruct_concat to pull each quoted part out of a
# matched concat chain. Compiled once at module load (was recompiled on every
# concat match before).
_CONCAT_TOKEN_RE = re.compile(r'["\']([^"\']*)["\']')


class JSStringsExtractor(JSExtractor):

    def __init__(
        self, filepath, log, exporters=None, index_prefix=None,
        known_benign=False, known_malicious=False, source=None, context=None,
    ):
        super().__init__(
            filepath, log, exporters, index_prefix,
            known_benign, known_malicious, source, context=context,
        )
        self.string_findings = None
        self.log.debug(inspect.currentframe().f_code.co_name)

    def tag(self):
        return Tag.JS_STRINGS.value

    def _decode_hex_string(self, hex_str):
        """Decode \\x41\\x42 style hex strings."""
        try:
            # Remove \\x prefix and decode
            clean = hex_str.replace('\\x', '')
            return bytes.fromhex(clean).decode('utf-8', errors='replace')
        except Exception:
            return None

    def _decode_unicode_string(self, uni_str):
        """Decode \\u0041\\u0042 style unicode strings."""
        try:
            return uni_str.encode('utf-8').decode('unicode_escape')
        except Exception:
            return None

    def _decode_charcode(self, charcode_str):
        """Decode String.fromCharCode(72, 101, 108, ...) sequences."""
        try:
            codes = [int(c.strip()) for c in charcode_str.split(',') if c.strip().isdigit()]
            return ''.join(chr(c) for c in codes if 0 <= c <= 0x10FFFF)
        except Exception:
            return None

    def _decode_base64(self, b64_str):
        """Attempt to decode base64 string."""
        try:
            decoded = base64.b64decode(b64_str)
            # Check if result is printable text
            text = decoded.decode('utf-8', errors='strict')
            # Only return if it looks like text (>80% printable)
            printable = sum(1 for c in text if c.isprintable() or c in '\n\r\t')
            if printable / len(text) > 0.8:
                return text
        except Exception:
            pass
        return None

    def _reconstruct_concat(self, concat_match):
        """Reconstruct concatenated string parts."""
        try:
            parts = _CONCAT_TOKEN_RE.findall(concat_match)
            return ''.join(parts)
        except Exception:
            return None

    def _find_line_number(self, match_start):
        """1-indexed line number for `match_start`, looked up in O(log L) via
        bisect over `self._line_offsets` (built once per extract() call).

        Replaces the historical `self.js_source[:match_start].count('\\n') + 1`
        which was O(N) per call and quadratic across all matches in a sample.
        """
        return bisect.bisect_right(self._line_offsets, match_start)

    def _scan_text(self, text):
        """Run every encoded-string pattern over `text` and return a list of
        finding dicts. Stateless apart from the per-call `_line_offsets` cache,
        which `_find_line_number` reads — callers must reset it before invoking
        this so line numbers reference the text being scanned, not the previous
        one.
        """
        findings = []

        # Hex-encoded strings
        for m in _HEX_STRING_RE.finditer(text):
            raw = m.group()
            decoded = self._decode_hex_string(raw)
            if decoded and len(decoded) >= 4:
                findings.append({
                    'string': decoded[:4000],
                    'string_raw': raw[:4000],
                    'string_encoding': 'hex',
                    'string_offset': self._find_line_number(m.start()),
                    'string_length': len(decoded),
                    'string_raw_length': len(raw),
                    'string_entropy': self._calculate_text_entropy(decoded),
                })

        # Unicode-encoded strings
        for m in _UNICODE_STRING_RE.finditer(text):
            raw = m.group()
            decoded = self._decode_unicode_string(raw)
            if decoded and len(decoded) >= 3:
                findings.append({
                    'string': decoded[:4000],
                    'string_raw': raw[:4000],
                    'string_encoding': 'unicode',
                    'string_offset': self._find_line_number(m.start()),
                    'string_length': len(decoded),
                    'string_raw_length': len(raw),
                    'string_entropy': self._calculate_text_entropy(decoded),
                })

        # String.fromCharCode sequences
        for m in _CHARCODE_RE.finditer(text):
            raw = m.group()
            decoded = self._decode_charcode(m.group(1))
            if decoded and len(decoded) >= 4:
                findings.append({
                    'string': decoded[:4000],
                    'string_raw': raw[:4000],
                    'string_encoding': 'charcode',
                    'string_offset': self._find_line_number(m.start()),
                    'string_length': len(decoded),
                    'string_raw_length': len(raw),
                    'string_entropy': self._calculate_text_entropy(decoded),
                })

        # Base64-encoded strings
        for m in _BASE64_STRING_RE.finditer(text):
            raw = m.group(0)
            b64_val = m.group(1)
            decoded = self._decode_base64(b64_val)
            if decoded and len(decoded) >= 10:
                findings.append({
                    'string': decoded[:4000],
                    'string_raw': raw[:4000],
                    'string_encoding': 'base64',
                    'string_offset': self._find_line_number(m.start()),
                    'string_length': len(decoded),
                    'string_raw_length': len(raw),
                    'string_entropy': self._calculate_text_entropy(decoded),
                })

        # Concatenated strings (reassembled)
        for m in _CONCAT_STRING_RE.finditer(text):
            raw = m.group()
            reconstructed = self._reconstruct_concat(raw)
            if reconstructed and len(reconstructed) >= 20:
                findings.append({
                    'string': reconstructed[:4000],
                    'string_raw': raw[:4000],
                    'string_encoding': 'concat',
                    'string_offset': self._find_line_number(m.start()),
                    'string_length': len(reconstructed),
                    'string_raw_length': len(raw),
                    'string_entropy': self._calculate_text_entropy(reconstructed),
                })

        return findings

    def extract(self):
        src = self.js_source
        if not src:
            return None

        # Pass 1: raw source. _line_offsets is keyed off whichever text is
        # currently being scanned so _find_line_number resolves to that text.
        self._line_offsets = line_offsets(src)
        findings = self._scan_text(src)

        # Pass 2: deobfuscated text, when the deobfuscator produced something
        # meaningfully different. Same patterns, but a different surface — for
        # samples where the encoded payload is hidden behind an outer wrapper
        # (e.g. array.join() + eval in Vjw0rm/WSH-RAT) only this pass yields
        # any rows at all.
        deobf_text, _ = self._context.deobfuscated
        if deobf_text and deobf_text != src:
            self._line_offsets = line_offsets(deobf_text)
            findings.extend(self._scan_text(deobf_text))

        if not findings:
            return None

        # Deduplicate by decoded string value (raw pass wins on collision: it
        # comes first in `findings`). A string that surfaces only in the
        # deobfuscated text still gets persisted, which is the whole point of
        # the second pass.
        seen_values = set()
        deduped = []
        for f in findings:
            val_key = f['string'][:100]
            if val_key not in seen_values:
                seen_values.add(val_key)
                deduped.append(f)

        self.string_findings = deduped[:500]  # Limit per file
        # Publish to the shared context so post-loop consumers (notably the IOC
        # plumbing in workers.py) can scrape the decoded strings without
        # holding a reference to this extractor instance.
        self._context.decoded_strings = self.string_findings
        return self.string_findings

    def prepare_export_data(self, exporter_type: str) -> Any:
        if exporter_type == "ClickHouseExporter":
            if not self.string_findings:
                return None

            data = []
            for f in self.string_findings:
                data.append([
                    self.sha256,
                    f['string'],
                    f['string_raw'],
                    f['string_encoding'],
                    f['string_offset'],
                    f['string_length'],
                    f['string_raw_length'],
                    f['string_entropy'],
                ])

            column_names = [
                "sha256",
                "string",
                "string_raw",
                "string_encoding",
                "string_offset",
                "string_length",
                "string_raw_length",
                "string_entropy",
            ]

            column_type_names = [
                "FixedString(64)",
                "String",
                "String",
                "LowCardinality(String)",
                "UInt64",
                "UInt32",
                "UInt32",
                "Float32",
            ]

            return (data, column_names, column_type_names)

    def get_clickhouse_table(self) -> str:
        return "code_binja_strings_raw"