Ran Tao

33 papers A* 9A 3Journal 19Unranked 1
YearRankTypeTitle / Venue / Authors
2025 J jnl
IEEE Trans. Pattern Anal. Mach. Intell.
Hao Chen, Zihan Wang, Ran Tao, Hongxin Wei, Xing Xie, Masashi Sugiyama, Bhiksha Raj, Jindong Wang
2024 conf
CVPR Workshops
Hao Chen, Ran Tao, Han Zhang, Yidong Wang, Xiang Li, Wei Ye, Jindong Wang, Guosheng Hu, Marios Savvides
2024 J jnl
SIAM J. Comput.
Mika Göös, Alexandros Hollender, Siddhartha Jain, Gilbert Maystre, William Pires, Robert Robere, Ran Tao
2024 A* conf
NeurIPS
Hao Chen, Ankit Shah, Jindong Wang, Ran Tao, Yidong Wang, Xiang Li, Xing Xie, Masashi Sugiyama, Rita Singh, Bhiksha Raj
2024 J jnl
CoRR
Hao Chen, Jindong Wang, Zihan Wang, Ran Tao, Hongxin Wei, Xing Xie, Masashi Sugiyama, Bhiksha Raj
2024 J jnl
J. ACM
Mika Göös, Alexandros Hollender, Siddhartha Jain, Gilbert Maystre, William Pires, Robert Robere, Ran Tao
2024
Ran Tao
2024 A* conf
ICLR
Hao Chen, Jindong Wang, Ankit Shah, Ran Tao, Hongxin Wei, Xing Xie, Masashi Sugiyama, Bhiksha Raj
2023 A* conf
CVPR
Ran Tao, Hao Chen, Marios Savvides
2023 J jnl
CoRR
Hao Chen, Ankit Shah, Jindong Wang, Ran Tao, Yidong Wang, Xing Xie, Masashi Sugiyama, Rita Singh, Bhiksha Raj
2023 J jnl
CoRR
Hao Chen, Ran Tao, Yue Fan, Yidong Wang, Jindong Wang, Bernt Schiele, Xing Xie, Bhiksha Raj, Marios Savvides
2023 A* conf
ICLR
Hao Chen, Ran Tao, Yue Fan, Yidong Wang, Jindong Wang, Bernt Schiele, Xing Xie, Bhiksha Raj, Marios Savvides
2023 J jnl
CoRR
Hao Chen, Jindong Wang, Ankit Shah, Ran Tao, Hongxin Wei, Xing Xie, Masashi Sugiyama, Bhiksha Raj
2022 J jnl
CoRR
Hao Chen, Ran Tao, Han Zhang, Yidong Wang, Wei Ye, Jindong Wang, Guosheng Hu, Marios Savvides
2022 A conf
CCC
Mika Göös, Alexandros Hollender, Siddhartha Jain, Gilbert Maystre, William Pires, Robert Robere, Ran Tao
2022 J jnl
CoRR
Mika Göös, Alexandros Hollender, Siddhartha Jain, Gilbert Maystre, William Pires, Robert Robere, Ran Tao
2022 J jnl
Electron. Colloquium Comput. Complex.
Mika Göös, Alexandros Hollender, Siddhartha Jain, Gilbert Maystre, William Pires, Robert Robere, Ran Tao
2022 A conf
APPROX/RANDOM
Hamed Hatami, Pooya Hatami, William Pires, Ran Tao, Rosie Zhao
2022 J jnl
Electron. Colloquium Comput. Complex.
Hamed Hatami, Pooya Hatami, William Pires, Ran Tao, Rosie Zhao
2022 J jnl
Inf. Process. Lett.
Ben Davis, Hamed Hatami, William Pires, Ran Tao, Hamza Usmani
2022 A* conf
AAAI
Ran Tao, Han Zhang, Yutong Zheng, Marios Savvides
2022 J jnl
CoRR
Ran Tao, Han Zhang, Yutong Zheng, Marios Savvides
2022 A* conf
FOCS
Mika Göös, Alexandros Hollender, Siddhartha Jain, Gilbert Maystre, William Pires, Robert Robere, Ran Tao
2022 J jnl
CoRR
Mika Göös, Alexandros Hollender, Siddhartha Jain, Gilbert Maystre, William Pires, Robert Robere, Ran Tao
2022 J jnl
Electron. Colloquium Comput. Complex.
Mika Göös, Alexandros Hollender, Siddhartha Jain, Gilbert Maystre, William Pires, Robert Robere, Ran Tao
2022 A* conf
NeurIPS
Yidong Wang, Hao Chen, Yue Fan, Wang Sun, Ran Tao, Wenxin Hou, Renjie Wang, Linyi Yang, Zhi Zhou, Lan-Zhe Guo, Heli Qi, Zhen Wu, Yufeng Li, Satoshi Nakamura, Wei Ye, Marios Savvides, Bhiksha Raj, Takahiro Shinozaki, Bernt Schiele, Jindong Wang, Xing Xie, Yue Zhang
2022 J jnl
CoRR
Yidong Wang, Hao Chen, Yue Fan, Wang Sun, Ran Tao, Wenxin Hou, Renjie Wang, Linyi Yang, Zhi Zhou, Lan-Zhe Guo, Heli Qi, Zhen Wu, Yufeng Li, Satoshi Nakamura, Wei Ye, Marios Savvides, Bhiksha Raj, Takahiro Shinozaki, Bernt Schiele, Jindong Wang, Xing Xie, Yue Zhang
2021 J jnl
Electron. Colloquium Comput. Complex.
Ben Davis, Hamed Hatami, William Pires, Ran Tao, Hamza Usmani
2021 A* conf
CVPR
Yutong Zheng, Yu-Kai Huang, Ran Tao, Zhiqiang Shen, Marios Savvides
2021 J jnl
CoRR
Yutong Zheng, Yu-Kai Huang, Ran Tao, Zhiqiang Shen, Marios Savvides
2019 A conf
WACV
Dipan K. Pal, Chandrasekhar Bhagavatula, Yutong Zheng, Ran Tao, Marios Savvides
2018 A* conf
CVPR
Chenchen Zhu, Ran Tao, Khoa Luu, Marios Savvides
2018 J jnl
CoRR
Chenchen Zhu, Ran Tao, Khoa Luu, Marios Savvides
tests/unit/test_apk_strings_ioc.py
← Index tests/unit/test_apk_strings_ioc.py python
"""Tests for APK string extraction and IOC extraction integration.

Covers:
- APKCodeAnalyzer._extract_strings() — string extraction from DEX objects
- APKCodeAnalyzer._string_entropy() — Shannon entropy computation
- DecompileAPK strings export table schema
- IOCExtractorFromResults with APK-format analysis_results
- Worker IOC wiring for APK
"""
import os
import tempfile
from dataclasses import asdict
from unittest.mock import MagicMock, patch

import pytest

from redb.extractors.ioc_extractor.ioc_extractor import IOCExtractorFromResults
from redb.extractors.ioc_extractor.standalone_ioc_extractor import (
    IOCType,
    SourceType,
)

pytestmark = [pytest.mark.unit, pytest.mark.apk]


# ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
# Helpers
# ---------------------------------------------------------------------------

def _make_analyzer(min_instructions=1):
    """Create an APKCodeAnalyzer with mocked dependencies."""
    with patch(
        "redb.extractors.decompiler.apk.analyzer.JADXDecompiler"
    ), patch(
        "redb.extractors.decompiler.apk.analyzer.ApktoolDisassembler"
    ):
        from redb.extractors.decompiler.apk.analyzer import APKCodeAnalyzer
        analyzer = APKCodeAnalyzer("/fake/path.apk")
        analyzer.min_instructions = min_instructions
        return analyzer


def _make_mock_dex(strings):
    """Create a mock DEX object that returns the given strings."""
    dex = MagicMock()
    dex.get_strings.return_value = strings
    return dex


def _create_fake_apk_file():
    """Create a temporary file to act as a fake APK."""
    fd, path = tempfile.mkstemp(suffix=".apk")
    os.write(fd, b"PK\x03\x04fake apk content for hashing")
    os.close(fd)
    return path


# ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
# Tests: _string_entropy
# ---------------------------------------------------------------------------

class TestStringEntropy:
    """Tests for Shannon entropy computation."""

    def test_empty_string(self):
        analyzer = _make_analyzer()
        assert analyzer._string_entropy("") == 0.0

    def test_single_char(self):
        analyzer = _make_analyzer()
        assert analyzer._string_entropy("a") == 0.0

    def test_repeated_char(self):
        analyzer = _make_analyzer()
        assert analyzer._string_entropy("aaaa") == 0.0

    def test_two_equal_chars(self):
        analyzer = _make_analyzer()
        # "ab" -> entropy = 1.0
        assert abs(analyzer._string_entropy("ab") - 1.0) < 0.01

    def test_higher_entropy(self):
        analyzer = _make_analyzer()
        # More variety = higher entropy
        low = analyzer._string_entropy("aabb")
        high = analyzer._string_entropy("abcd")
        assert high > low

    def test_url_string_entropy(self):
        analyzer = _make_analyzer()
        entropy = analyzer._string_entropy("https://evil.com/payload")
        assert entropy > 2.0  # URLs have moderate entropy


# ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
# Tests: _extract_strings
# ---------------------------------------------------------------------------

class TestExtractStrings:
    """Tests for DEX string extraction."""

    def test_basic_extraction(self):
        analyzer = _make_analyzer()
        dex = _make_mock_dex(["hello", "world"])
        result = analyzer._extract_strings([dex])

        assert len(result) == 2
        assert result[0]["string"] == "hello"
        assert result[1]["string"] == "world"

    def test_string_fields_present(self):
        analyzer = _make_analyzer()
        dex = _make_mock_dex(["test_string"])
        result = analyzer._extract_strings([dex])

        entry = result[0]
        assert "string" in entry
        assert "string_encoding" in entry
        assert "string_offset" in entry
        assert "string_length" in entry
        assert "string_entropy" in entry
        assert entry["string_encoding"] == "UTF8"
        assert entry["string_length"] == len("test_string")

    def test_deduplication_across_dex(self):
        """Same string in multiple DEX files is only extracted once."""
        analyzer = _make_analyzer()
        dex1 = _make_mock_dex(["shared", "unique1"])
        dex2 = _make_mock_dex(["shared", "unique2"])
        result = analyzer._extract_strings([dex1, dex2])

        string_values = [s["string"] for s in result]
        assert string_values.count("shared") == 1
        assert "unique1" in string_values
        assert "unique2" in string_values
        assert len(result) == 3

    def test_empty_strings_filtered(self):
        analyzer = _make_analyzer()
        dex = _make_mock_dex(["", "valid", None, "also_valid"])
        result = analyzer._extract_strings([dex])

        string_values = [s["string"] for s in result]
        assert "" not in string_values
        assert None not in string_values
        assert "valid" in string_values
        assert "also_valid" in string_values

    def test_no_dex_files(self):
        analyzer = _make_analyzer()
        result = analyzer._extract_strings([])
        assert result == []

    def test_dex_get_strings_returns_none(self):
        analyzer = _make_analyzer()
        dex = MagicMock()
        dex.get_strings.return_value = None
        result = analyzer._extract_strings([dex])
        assert result == []

    def test_dex_get_strings_exception(self):
        analyzer = _make_analyzer()
        dex = MagicMock()
        dex.get_strings.side_effect = RuntimeError("corrupt DEX")
        result = analyzer._extract_strings([dex])
        assert result == []

    def test_entropy_computed(self):
        analyzer = _make_analyzer()
        dex = _make_mock_dex(["abcdefgh"])
        result = analyzer._extract_strings([dex])
        assert result[0]["string_entropy"] > 0.0

    def test_incremental_offsets(self):
        """String offsets are incremented sequentially."""
        analyzer = _make_analyzer()
        dex = _make_mock_dex(["a", "b", "c"])
        result = analyzer._extract_strings([dex])

        offsets = [s["string_offset"] for s in result]
        assert offsets == [0, 1, 2]

    def test_url_strings_preserved(self):
        """URL strings are extracted without modification."""
        analyzer = _make_analyzer()
        dex = _make_mock_dex([
            "https://evil.com/payload",
            "http://c2.malware.org/gate",
        ])
        result = analyzer._extract_strings([dex])
        strings = [s["string"] for s in result]
        assert "https://evil.com/payload" in strings
        assert "http://c2.malware.org/gate" in strings


# ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
# Tests: strings in extract() integration
# ---------------------------------------------------------------------------

class TestExtractStringsIntegration:
    """Tests that strings are included in extract() results."""

    @patch("redb.extractors.decompiler.apk.analyzer.APKCodeAnalyzer._run_androguard")
    @patch("redb.extractors.decompiler.apk.analyzer.ApktoolDisassembler")
    @patch("redb.extractors.decompiler.apk.analyzer.JADXDecompiler")
    def test_extract_includes_strings(self, mock_jadx, mock_apktool, mock_androguard):
        from redb.extractors.decompiler.apk.analyzer import APKCodeAnalyzer

        mock_dex = _make_mock_dex(["hello", "world"])
        mock_analysis = MagicMock()
        mock_analysis.get_methods.return_value = []
        mock_androguard.return_value = (MagicMock(), [mock_dex], mock_analysis)

        analyzer = APKCodeAnalyzer("/fake/path.apk", log=MagicMock())
        results = analyzer.extract()

        assert "strings" in results
        assert len(results["strings"]) == 2
        assert results["strings"][0]["string"] == "hello"
        analyzer.cleanup()

    @patch("redb.extractors.decompiler.apk.analyzer.APKCodeAnalyzer._run_androguard")
    @patch("redb.extractors.decompiler.apk.analyzer.ApktoolDisassembler")
    @patch("redb.extractors.decompiler.apk.analyzer.JADXDecompiler")
    def test_extract_strings_error_is_non_fatal(self, mock_jadx, mock_apktool, mock_androguard):
        from redb.extractors.decompiler.apk.analyzer import APKCodeAnalyzer

        # Return a bad dex list that will cause _extract_strings to fail
        mock_analysis = MagicMock()
        mock_analysis.get_methods.return_value = []
        # dexs is not iterable — triggers the except block
        mock_androguard.return_value = (MagicMock(), 42, mock_analysis)

        analyzer = APKCodeAnalyzer("/fake/path.apk", log=MagicMock())
        results = analyzer.extract()

        # Should not crash, strings should be empty, error recorded
        assert results["strings"] == []
        assert any(
            e.get("error_location") == "strings"
            for e in results["analysis_errors"]
        )
        analyzer.cleanup()


# ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
# Tests: DecompileAPK strings export table
# ---------------------------------------------------------------------------

class TestDecompileAPKStringsExport:
    """Tests for strings table in DecompileAPK.prepare_export_data()."""

    def _make_extractor_with_strings(self, strings_data):
        from redb.extractors.decompiler.DecompileAPK import DecompileAPK
        apk_path = _create_fake_apk_file()
        ext = DecompileAPK(apk_path, MagicMock())
        ext.analysis_results = {
            "sha256": "a" * 64,
            "sha1": "b" * 40,
            "md5": "c" * 32,
            "decompiled_content": [],
            "decompiled_refs": [],
            "smali_content": [],
            "smali_refs": [],
            "similarity_metrics": [],
            "strings": strings_data,
            "analysis_errors": [],
        }
        return ext, apk_path

    def test_strings_table_present(self):
        ext, path = self._make_extractor_with_strings([
            {"string": "hello", "string_encoding": "UTF8",
             "string_offset": 0, "string_length": 5, "string_entropy": 2.32}
        ])
        try:
            export = ext.prepare_export_data("ClickHouseExporter")
            assert "strings_raw" in export
        finally:
            os.unlink(path)

    def test_strings_table_schema(self):
        ext, path = self._make_extractor_with_strings([
            {"string": "hello", "string_encoding": "UTF8",
             "string_offset": 0, "string_length": 5, "string_entropy": 2.32}
        ])
        try:
            export = ext.prepare_export_data("ClickHouseExporter")
            sr = export["strings_raw"]
            assert sr["table"] == "code_binja_strings_raw"
            assert len(sr["column_names"]) == 8
            assert len(sr["column_type_names"]) == 8
            assert "sha256" in sr["column_names"]
            assert "string" in sr["column_names"]
            assert "string_raw" in sr["column_names"]
            assert "string_encoding" in sr["column_names"]
            assert "string_offset" in sr["column_names"]
            assert "string_length" in sr["column_names"]
            assert "string_raw_length" in sr["column_names"]
            assert "string_entropy" in sr["column_names"]
            assert len(sr["data"]) == 1
            assert len(sr["data"][0]) == 8
        finally:
            os.unlink(path)

    def test_strings_sha256_propagated(self):
        ext, path = self._make_extractor_with_strings([
            {"string": "test", "string_encoding": "UTF8",
             "string_offset": 0, "string_length": 4, "string_entropy": 2.0}
        ])
        try:
            export = ext.prepare_export_data("ClickHouseExporter")
            row = export["strings_raw"]["data"][0]
            assert row[0] == "a" * 64  # sha256 is first column
        finally:
            os.unlink(path)

    def test_empty_strings_not_exported(self):
        ext, path = self._make_extractor_with_strings([])
        try:
            export = ext.prepare_export_data("ClickHouseExporter")
            assert "strings_raw" not in export
        finally:
            os.unlink(path)


# ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
# Tests: IOCExtractorFromResults with APK format
# ---------------------------------------------------------------------------

class TestIOCExtractorAPKFormat:
    """Tests that IOCExtractorFromResults handles APK analysis_results."""

    def setup_method(self):
        self.log = MagicMock()

    def test_extract_iocs_from_apk_strings(self):
        """IOCs extracted from APK strings (same format as Binja)."""
        results = {
            "strings": [
                {"string": "https://evil.com/payload", "string_offset": 0},
                {"string": "Contact [email protected]", "string_offset": 1},
            ],
            "decompiled": [],
            "decompiled_content": [],
        }
        extractor = IOCExtractorFromResults(results, sha256="a" * 64, log=self.log)
        iocs = extractor.extract()

        url_iocs = [i for i in iocs if i.ioc_type == IOCType.URL]
        assert len(url_iocs) >= 1
        assert any("evil.com" in i.ioc_value for i in url_iocs)

    def test_extract_iocs_from_apk_decompiled_content(self):
        """IOCs extracted from APK's decompiled_content key."""
        results = {
            "strings": [],
            "decompiled": [],  # Binja format — empty
            "decompiled_content": [  # APK format
                {
                    "decompiled_method": "connect('https://c2.malware.org/gate');",
                    "decompiled_method_hash": "hash123",
                    "method_type": "USER",
                }
            ],
        }
        extractor = IOCExtractorFromResults(results, sha256="a" * 64, log=self.log)
        iocs = extractor.extract()

        url_iocs = [i for i in iocs if i.ioc_type == IOCType.URL]
        assert len(url_iocs) >= 1

    def test_apk_library_methods_skipped(self):
        """LIBRARY methods in decompiled_content are skipped."""
        results = {
            "strings": [],
            "decompiled": [],
            "decompiled_content": [
                {
                    "decompiled_method": "https://should-skip.com",
                    "decompiled_method_hash": "lib_hash",
                    "method_type": "LIBRARY",
                }
            ],
        }
        extractor = IOCExtractorFromResults(results, sha256="a" * 64, log=self.log)
        iocs = extractor.extract()
        assert len(iocs) == 0

    def test_combined_binja_and_apk_sources(self):
        """Both Binja and APK format decompiled entries are processed."""
        results = {
            "strings": [],
            "decompiled": [
                {
                    "decompiled_function": "call('https://binja.example.com');",
                    "decompiled_function_hash": "binja_hash",
                    "function_type": "USER",
                }
            ],
            "decompiled_content": [
                {
                    "decompiled_method": "send('https://apk.example.com');",
                    "decompiled_method_hash": "apk_hash",
                    "method_type": "USER",
                }
            ],
        }
        extractor = IOCExtractorFromResults(results, sha256="a" * 64, log=self.log)
        iocs = extractor.extract()

        url_iocs = [i for i in iocs if i.ioc_type == IOCType.URL]
        urls = [i.ioc_value for i in url_iocs]
        assert any("binja.example.com" in u for u in urls)
        assert any("apk.example.com" in u for u in urls)

    def test_apk_results_only(self):
        """Works when only APK keys are present (no 'decompiled' key)."""
        results = {
            "strings": [
                {"string": "https://evil.com", "string_offset": 0},
            ],
            "decompiled_content": [
                {
                    "decompiled_method": "x = 1",
                    "decompiled_method_hash": "h",
                    "method_type": "USER",
                }
            ],
        }
        extractor = IOCExtractorFromResults(results, sha256="a" * 64, log=self.log)
        iocs = extractor.extract()
        # Should not crash, and should find URL from strings
        url_iocs = [i for i in iocs if i.ioc_type == IOCType.URL]
        assert len(url_iocs) >= 1

    def test_source_type_is_string_for_strings(self):
        results = {
            "strings": [
                {"string": "https://evil.com/test", "string_offset": 42},
            ],
            "decompiled_content": [],
        }
        extractor = IOCExtractorFromResults(results, sha256="a" * 64, log=self.log)
        iocs = extractor.extract()
        url_iocs = [i for i in iocs if i.ioc_type == IOCType.URL]
        assert url_iocs[0].source_type == SourceType.STRING
        assert url_iocs[0].source_identifier == "42"

    def test_source_type_is_decompiled_for_methods(self):
        results = {
            "strings": [],
            "decompiled_content": [
                {
                    "decompiled_method": "https://evil.com/method",
                    "decompiled_method_hash": "myhash",
                    "method_type": "USER",
                }
            ],
        }
        extractor = IOCExtractorFromResults(results, sha256="a" * 64, log=self.log)
        iocs = extractor.extract()
        url_iocs = [i for i in iocs if i.ioc_type == IOCType.URL]
        assert url_iocs[0].source_type == SourceType.DECOMPILED_FUNCTION
        assert url_iocs[0].source_identifier == "myhash"


# ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
# Tests: Worker IOC wiring for APK
# ---------------------------------------------------------------------------

class TestWorkerAPKIOCWiring:
    """Tests that workers.py wires IOC extraction for APK."""

    def test_worker_source_contains_ioc_for_apk(self):
        """Verify workers.py source has IOC extraction in APK branch."""
        import inspect
        from redb import workers
        source = inspect.getsource(workers)
        # APK branch should import IOCExtractorFromResults
        assert "IOCExtractorFromResults" in source
        # Should be in the APK section (near DecompileAPK)
        apk_section = source[source.index("DecompileAPK("):]
        ioc_pos = apk_section.find("IOCExtractorFromResults")
        assert ioc_pos != -1, "IOCExtractorFromResults not found after DecompileAPK"