Ramon Sanabria

46 papers A 4Misc 6Journal 24Unranked 11
YearRankTypeTitle / Venue / Authors
2024 conf
ICASSP Workshops
Alexandra Saliba, Yuanchao Li, Ramon Sanabria, Catherine Lai
2024 J jnl
CoRR
Alexandra Saliba, Yuanchao Li, Ramon Sanabria, Catherine Lai
2024 J jnl
CoRR
Frank Palma Gomez, Ramon Sanabria, Yun-Hsuan Sung, Daniel Cer, Siddharth Dalmia, Gustavo Hernández Ábrego
2023 A conf
INTERSPEECH
Ramon Sanabria, Ondrej Klejch, Hao Tang, Sharon Goldwater
2023 J jnl
CoRR
Ramon Sanabria, Ondrej Klejch, Hao Tang, Sharon Goldwater
2023 Misc conf
ICASSP
Ramon Sanabria, Hao Tang, Sharon Goldwater
2023 conf
ICASSP Workshops
Ramon Sanabria, Wei-Ning Hsu, Alexei Baevski, Michael Auli
2023 Misc conf
ICASSP
Ramon Sanabria, Nikolay Bogoychev, Nina Markl, Andrea Carmantini, Ondrej Klejch, Peter Bell
2023 J jnl
CoRR
Ramon Sanabria, Nikolay Bogoychev, Nina Markl, Andrea Carmantini, Ondrej Klejch, Peter Bell
2022 J jnl
CoRR
Ramon Sanabria, Hao Tang, Sharon Goldwater
2022 J jnl
CoRR
Ramon Sanabria, Wei-Ning Hsu, Alexei Baevski, Michael Auli
2021 J jnl
CoRR
Ramon Sanabria, Hao Tang, Sharon Goldwater
2021 A conf
Interspeech
Ramon Sanabria, Austin Waters, Jason Baldridge
2021 J jnl
CoRR
Ramon Sanabria, Austin Waters, Jason Baldridge
2020 conf
EMNLP (Findings)
Tejas Srinivasan, Ramon Sanabria, Florian Metze, Desmond Elliott
2020 J jnl
CoRR
Tejas Srinivasan, Ramon Sanabria, Florian Metze, Desmond Elliott
2020 J jnl
IEEE J. Sel. Top. Signal Process.
Lucia Specia, Loïc Barrault, Ozan Caglayan, Amanda Cardoso Duarte, Desmond Elliott, Spandana Gella, Nils Holzenberger, Chiraag Lala, Sun Jae Lee, Jindrich Libovický, Pranava Madhyastha, Florian Metze, Karl Mulligan, Alissa Ostapenko, Shruti Palaskar, Ramon Sanabria, Josiah Wang, Raman Arora
2020 Misc conf
ICASSP
Tejas Srinivasan, Ramon Sanabria, Florian Metze
2020 J jnl
CoRR
Tejas Srinivasan, Ramon Sanabria, Florian Metze
2020 J jnl
CoRR
Tejas Srinivasan, Ramon Sanabria, Florian Metze, Desmond Elliott
2020 J jnl
Comput. Speech Lang.
Shruti Palaskar, Ramon Sanabria, Florian Metze
2019 J jnl
CoRR
Tejas Srinivasan, Ramon Sanabria, Florian Metze
2019 conf
IWSLT
Tejas Srinivasan, Ramon Sanabria, Florian Metze
2019 J jnl
CoRR
Yasufumi Moriya, Ramon Sanabria, Florian Metze, Gareth J. F. Jones
2019 conf
MediaEval
Yasufumi Moriya, Ramon Sanabria, Florian Metze, Gareth J. F. Jones
2019 Misc conf
ICASSP
Ozan Caglayan, Ramon Sanabria, Shruti Palaskar, Loïc Barrault, Florian Metze
2019 conf
IWSLT
Tejas Srinivasan, Ramon Sanabria, Florian Metze
2019 J jnl
CoRR
Tejas Srinivasan, Ramon Sanabria, Florian Metze
2019 conf
TAC
Eduard H. Hovy, Jaime G. Carbonell, Hans Chalupsky, Anatole Gershman, Alex Hauptmann, Florian Metze, Teruko Mitamura, Zaid Sheikh, Ankit Dangi, Aditi Chaudhary, Xianyang Chen, Xiang Kong, Bernie Huang, Salvador Medina, Hector Liu, Xuezhe Ma, Maria Ryskina, Ramon Sanabria, Varun Gangal
2019 ed.
IWSLT
Jan Niehues, Roldano Cattoni, Sebastian Stüker, Matteo Negri, Marco Turchi, Thanh-Le Ha, Elizabeth Salesky, Ramon Sanabria, Loïc Barrault, Lucia Specia, Marcello Federico
2019 conf
IWSLT
Jan Niehues, Roldano Cattoni, Sebastian Stüker, Matteo Negri, Marco Turchi, Thanh-Le Ha, Elizabeth Salesky, Ramon Sanabria, Loïc Barrault, Lucia Specia, Marcello Federico
2018 J jnl
CoRR
Shruti Palaskar, Ramon Sanabria, Florian Metze
2018 Misc conf
ICASSP
Shruti Palaskar, Ramon Sanabria, Florian Metze
2018 conf
MediaEval
Yasufumi Moriya, Ramon Sanabria, Florian Metze, Gareth J. F. Jones
2018 J jnl
CoRR
Ramon Sanabria, Florian Metze
2018 conf
SLT
Ramon Sanabria, Florian Metze
2018 J jnl
CoRR
Ramon Sanabria, Ozan Caglayan, Shruti Palaskar, Desmond Elliott, Loïc Barrault, Lucia Specia, Florian Metze
2018 J jnl
CoRR
Ozan Caglayan, Ramon Sanabria, Shruti Palaskar, Loïc Barrault, Florian Metze
2018 conf
TAC
Eduard H. Hovy, Taylor Berg-Kirkpatrick, Jaime G. Carbonell, Hans Chalupsky, Anatole Gershman, Alexander G. Hauptmann, Florian Metze, Teruko Mitamura, Aditi Chaudhary, Xianyang Chen, Bernie Po-Yao Huang, Hector Zhengzhong Liu, Xuezhe Ma, Shruti Palaskar, Dheeraj Rajagopal, Maria Ryskina, Ramon Sanabria
2018 Misc conf
ICASSP
Siddharth Dalmia, Ramon Sanabria, Florian Metze, Alan W. Black
2018 J jnl
CoRR
Siddharth Dalmia, Ramon Sanabria, Florian Metze, Alan W. Black
2018 A conf
INTERSPEECH
Thomas Zenkel, Ramon Sanabria, Florian Metze, Alex Waibel
2017 A conf
INTERSPEECH
Thomas Zenkel, Ramon Sanabria, Florian Metze, Jan Niehues, Matthias Sperber, Sebastian Stüker, Alex Waibel
2017 J jnl
CoRR
Thomas Zenkel, Ramon Sanabria, Florian Metze, Jan Niehues, Matthias Sperber, Sebastian Stüker, Alex Waibel
2017 J jnl
CoRR
Thomas Zenkel, Ramon Sanabria, Florian Metze, Alex Waibel
2016 J jnl
CoRR
Ramon Sanabria, Florian Metze, Fernando De la Torre
redb/extractors/apk_extractors/apk_signature.py
← Index redb/extractors/apk_extractors/apk_signature.py python
import hashlib
import inspect
from datetime import datetime, timezone
from typing import Any, Optional, Tuple

from redb.extractors.enum import Tag
from redb.extractors.apk_extractor import APKExtractor
from redb.models.dataclasses import APKCertificate, APKCodeSigningInfo


# OID to RFC 4514 short name mapping
_OID_SHORT_NAMES = {
    '2.5.4.3': 'CN', '2.5.4.6': 'C', '2.5.4.7': 'L', '2.5.4.8': 'ST',
    '2.5.4.10': 'O', '2.5.4.11': 'OU', '1.2.840.113549.1.9.1': 'E',
    '2.5.4.5': 'SERIALNUMBER', '2.5.4.12': 'T', '2.5.4.42': 'GN',
    '2.5.4.4': 'SN', '2.5.4.9': 'STREET', '2.5.4.17': 'POSTALCODE',
}


def _asn1_name_to_rfc4514(name):
    """Convert an asn1crypto x509.Name to RFC 4514 string (CN=..., O=...)."""
    parts = []
    for rdn in name.chosen:
        for attr in rdn:
            oid = attr['type'].dotted
            val = attr['value'].native
            short = _OID_SHORT_NAMES.get(oid, oid)
            parts.append(f'{short}={val}')
    return ', '.join(parts)


class APKSignatureExtractor(APKExtractor):

    def __init__(
        self, filepath, log, exporters=None, index_prefix=None,
        known_benign=False, known_malicious=False,
        apk=None,
    ):
        super().__init__(
            filepath, log, exporters, index_prefix,
            known_benign, known_malicious, apk,
        )
        self.signing_info = None
        self.log.debug(inspect.currentframe().f_code.co_name)

    def tag(self):
        return Tag.APK_SIGNATURE.value

    def _detect_signature_schemes(self):
        """Detect which APK signature schemes are present."""
        schemes = []
        try:
            if self.apk.is_signed_v1():
                schemes.append(1)
        except Exception:
            pass
        try:
            if self.apk.is_signed_v2():
                schemes.append(2)
        except Exception:
            pass
        try:
            if self.apk.is_signed_v3():
                schemes.append(3)
        except Exception:
            pass
        return schemes

    def _extract_certificate_info(self, cert, source_scheme=None):
        """Extract certificate details from an androguard certificate object."""
        try:
            # Subject and Issuer — asn1crypto doesn't have rfc4514_string, convert manually
            subject = _asn1_name_to_rfc4514(cert.subject)
            issuer = _asn1_name_to_rfc4514(cert.issuer)

            # Serial number
            serial = str(cert.serial_number)

            # Validity
            valid_from = cert.not_valid_before
            valid_to = cert.not_valid_after
            if isinstance(valid_from, datetime):
                valid_from = valid_from.strftime("%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S")
            else:
                valid_from = str(valid_from)
            if isinstance(valid_to, datetime):
                valid_to = valid_to.strftime("%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S")
            else:
                valid_to = str(valid_to)

            # Thumbprints
            cert_der = cert.dump()
            thumbprint_sha1 = hashlib.sha1(cert_der).hexdigest()
            thumbprint_sha256 = hashlib.sha256(cert_der).hexdigest()

            # Algorithm
            algorithm = None
            try:
                algorithm = cert.hash_algo
            except Exception:
                try:
                    algorithm = cert.signature_algo
                except Exception:
                    pass

            # Key size
            key_size = None
            try:
                pub_key = cert.public_key
                if hasattr(pub_key, 'bit_size'):
                    key_size = pub_key.bit_size
                elif hasattr(pub_key, 'key_size'):
                    key_size = pub_key.key_size
            except Exception:
                pass

            # Self-signed check
            is_self_signed = cert.subject == cert.issuer

            return APKCertificate(
                subject=subject,
                issuer=issuer,
                serial_number=serial,
                valid_from=valid_from,
                valid_to=valid_to,
                thumbprint_sha1=thumbprint_sha1,
                thumbprint_sha256=thumbprint_sha256,
                algorithm=algorithm,
                key_size=key_size,
                is_self_signed=is_self_signed,
                certificate_source_scheme=source_scheme,
            )
        except Exception as e:
            self.log.error(f"Error extracting certificate info: {e}")
            return None

    def _get_signer_certificate(self, schemes) -> Tuple[Optional[APKCertificate], Optional[str]]:
        """Identify the actual signer certificate using V3>V2>V1 priority.

        V2/V3: certificates[0] is the signer per spec.
        V1: androguard's get_certificate() does SignerInfo matching internally.

        Returns (signer_cert_info, source_scheme) or (None, None).
        """
        # V3 takes priority (Android 9+)
        if 3 in schemes:
            try:
                certs = self.apk.get_certificates_v3()
                if certs:
                    cert_info = self._extract_certificate_info(certs[0], source_scheme='v3')
                    if cert_info:
                        return cert_info, 'v3'
            except Exception as e:
                self.log.debug(f"V3 signer extraction failed: {e}")

        # V2 next (Android 7.0+)
        if 2 in schemes:
            try:
                certs = self.apk.get_certificates_v2()
                if certs:
                    cert_info = self._extract_certificate_info(certs[0], source_scheme='v2')
                    if cert_info:
                        return cert_info, 'v2'
            except Exception as e:
                self.log.debug(f"V2 signer extraction failed: {e}")

        # V1 fallback — androguard does SignerInfo.issuerAndSerialNumber matching
        if 1 in schemes:
            try:
                names = self.apk.get_signature_names()
                if names:
                    cert = self.apk.get_certificate(names[0])
                    if cert:
                        cert_info = self._extract_certificate_info(cert, source_scheme='v1')
                        if cert_info:
                            return cert_info, 'v1'
            except Exception as e:
                self.log.debug(f"V1 signer extraction failed: {e}")

        return None, None

    def _extract_all_certificates(self, schemes):
        """Extract all certificates with their source scheme tracked.

        Uses scheme-specific methods to preserve source information,
        deduplicating by thumbprint_sha1 and merging source schemes.
        """
        # cert thumbprint -> (APKCertificate, set of source schemes)
        seen = {}

        for scheme_num, method_name in [
            (3, 'get_certificates_v3'),
            (2, 'get_certificates_v2'),
            (1, 'get_certificates_v1'),
        ]:
            if scheme_num not in schemes:
                continue
            try:
                method = getattr(self.apk, method_name, None)
                if method is None:
                    continue
                certs = method()
                if not certs:
                    continue
                for cert in certs:
                    cert_info = self._extract_certificate_info(cert, source_scheme=f'v{scheme_num}')
                    if cert_info:
                        key = cert_info.thumbprint_sha1
                        if key in seen:
                            # Merge source schemes
                            existing_cert, existing_schemes = seen[key]
                            existing_schemes.add(f'v{scheme_num}')
                        else:
                            seen[key] = (cert_info, {f'v{scheme_num}'})
            except Exception as e:
                self.log.warning(f"Error extracting v{scheme_num} certificates: {e}")

        # Build final list with merged source schemes
        result = []
        for cert_info, source_schemes in seen.values():
            cert_info.certificate_source_scheme = ','.join(sorted(source_schemes))
            result.append(cert_info)

        return result

    def extract(self):
        if not self._is_valid_apk():
            self.log.error(f"Invalid APK for {self.hash.sha256}")
            return None

        schemes = self._detect_signature_schemes()
        is_signed = len(schemes) > 0

        # Extract all certificates with source scheme tracking
        certificates = self._extract_all_certificates(schemes)

        # Identify the actual signer using V3>V2>V1 priority
        signer_cert, signer_scheme = self._get_signer_certificate(schemes)

        apk_signer_subject = signer_cert.subject if signer_cert else None
        apk_signer_issuer = signer_cert.issuer if signer_cert else None

        self.signing_info = APKCodeSigningInfo(
            _id=self.sha256,
            is_signed=is_signed,
            signature_scheme_versions=schemes,
            number_of_certificates=len(certificates),
            x509_certificates=certificates if certificates else None,
            apk_signer_subject=apk_signer_subject,
            apk_signer_issuer=apk_signer_issuer,
        )
        return self.signing_info

    def prepare_export_data(self, exporter_type: str) -> Any:
        if exporter_type == "ClickHouseExporter":
            if not self.signing_info:
                return None

            current_time = datetime.now(timezone.utc)
            sig = self.signing_info

            # Signature summary table
            signature_data = [[
                self.sha256,
                int(sig.is_signed),
                sig.signature_scheme_versions,
                sig.number_of_certificates,
                sig.apk_signer_subject,
                sig.apk_signer_issuer,
                current_time,
            ]]

            # Certificates table (one row per certificate)
            certificates_data = []
            if sig.x509_certificates:
                for cert in sig.x509_certificates:
                    certificates_data.append([
                        self.sha256,
                        cert.subject,
                        cert.issuer,
                        cert.serial_number,
                        datetime.strptime(cert.valid_from, "%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S") if cert.valid_from else None,
                        datetime.strptime(cert.valid_to, "%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S") if cert.valid_to else None,
                        cert.thumbprint_sha1,
                        cert.algorithm,
                        cert.key_size,
                        int(cert.is_self_signed),
                        cert.certificate_source_scheme,
                        current_time,
                    ])

            return {
                'multi_table': True,
                'signature': {
                    'table': 'redb_apk_signature',
                    'data': signature_data,
                    'column_names': [
                        'sha256',
                        'is_signed', 'signature_scheme_versions',
                        'number_of_certificates',
                        'apk_signer_subject', 'apk_signer_issuer',
                        'analysis_date',
                    ],
                    'column_type_names': [
                        'FixedString(64)',
                        'UInt8', 'Array(UInt8)',
                        'UInt8',
                        'Nullable(String)', 'Nullable(String)',
                        "DateTime64(3, 'UTC')",
                    ],
                },
                'certificates': {
                    'table': 'redb_apk_certificates',
                    'data': certificates_data,
                    'column_names': [
                        'sha256', 'certificate_subject', 'certificate_issuer',
                        'certificate_serial_number',
                        'certificate_valid_from', 'certificate_valid_to',
                        'certificate_thumbprint',
                        'certificate_algorithm', 'key_size', 'is_self_signed',
                        'certificate_source_scheme',
                        'analysis_date',
                    ],
                    'column_type_names': [
                        'FixedString(64)', 'String', 'String', 'String',
                        "DateTime64(3, 'UTC')", "DateTime64(3, 'UTC')",
                        'FixedString(40)',
                        'LowCardinality(String)', 'Nullable(UInt16)', 'UInt8',
                        'LowCardinality(String)',
                        "DateTime64(3, 'UTC')",
                    ],
                },
            }

    def get_clickhouse_table(self) -> str:
        return "redb_apk_signature"