Ramin Ghaznavi Youvalari

29 papers A 1B 2C 12Misc 2Journal 7Unranked 4
YearRankTypeTitle / Venue / Authors
2025 J jnl
IEEE Trans. Circuits Syst. Video Technol.
Pekka Astola, Alireza Aminlou, Ramin Ghaznavi Youvalari, Jani Lainema
2024 J jnl
CoRR
Nam Le, Honglei Zhang, Francesco Cricri, Ramin Ghaznavi Youvalari, Hamed Rezazadegan Tavakoli, Emre Aksu, Miska M. Hannuksela, Esa Rahtu
2023 conf
EUSIPCO
Ramin Ghaznavi Youvalari, Döne Bugdayci Sansli, Pekka Astola, Jani Lainema
2023 C conf
VCIP
Ruiying Yang, María Santamaría, Francesco Cricri, Honglei Zhang, Jani Lainema, Ramin Ghaznavi Youvalari, Miska M. Hannuksela, Tapio Elomaa
2022 B conf
ICIP
Nam Le, Honglei Zhang, Francesco Cricri, Ramin Ghaznavi Youvalari, Hamed Rezazadegan Tavakoli, Emre Aksu, Miska M. Hannuksela, Esa Rahtu
2022 B conf
ICIP
María Santamaría, Francesco Cricri, Jani Lainema, Ramin Ghaznavi Youvalari, Honglei Zhang, Miska M. Hannuksela
2022 C conf
ISM
Ruiying Yang, María Santamaría, Francesco Cricri, Honglei Zhang, Jani Lainema, Ramin Ghaznavi Youvalari, Miska M. Hannuksela
2022 conf
EUVIP
María Santamaría, Ruiying Yang, Francesco Cricri, Honglei Zhang, Jani Lainema, Ramin Ghaznavi Youvalari, Hamed R. Tavakoli, Miska M. Hannuksela
2021 C conf
ISM
Nannan Zou, Honglei Zhang, Francesco Cricri, Ramin Ghaznavi Youvalari, Hamed R. Tavakoli, Jani Lainema, Emre Aksu, Miska M. Hannuksela, Esa Rahtu
2021 J jnl
CoRR
Nannan Zou, Honglei Zhang, Francesco Cricri, Ramin Ghaznavi Youvalari, Hamed R. Tavakoli, Jani Lainema, Emre Aksu, Miska M. Hannuksela, Esa Rahtu
2021 C conf
ISM
María Santamaría, Yat-Hong Lam, Francesco Cricri, Jani Lainema, Ramin Ghaznavi Youvalari, Honglei Zhang, Miska M. Hannuksela, Esa Rahtu, Moncef Gabbouj
2021
Ramin Ghaznavi Youvalari
2021 C conf
ISM
Joni Seppälä, Honglei Zhang, Nam Le, Ramin Ghaznavi Youvalari, Francesco Cricri, Hamed Rezazadegan Tavakoli, Emre Aksu, Miska M. Hannuksela, Esa Rahtu
2021 Misc conf
ICASSP
Nam Le, Honglei Zhang, Francesco Cricri, Ramin Ghaznavi Youvalari, Esa Rahtu
2021 J jnl
CoRR
Nam Le, Honglei Zhang, Francesco Cricri, Ramin Ghaznavi Youvalari, Esa Rahtu
2021 C conf
ISM
Jukka I. Ahonen, Ramin Ghaznavi Youvalari, Nam Le, Honglei Zhang, Francesco Cricri, Hamed Rezazadegan Tavakoli, Miska M. Hannuksela, Esa Rahtu
2021 A conf
ICME
Nam Le, Honglei Zhang, Francesco Cricri, Ramin Ghaznavi Youvalari, Hamed Rezazadegan Tavakoli, Esa Rahtu
2021 J jnl
CoRR
Nam Le, Honglei Zhang, Francesco Cricri, Ramin Ghaznavi Youvalari, Hamed Rezazadegan Tavakoli, Esa Rahtu
2021 J jnl
IEEE Trans. Circuits Syst. Video Technol.
Ramin Ghaznavi Youvalari, Alireza Aminlou, Jani Lainema
2020 C conf
MMSP
Ramin Ghaznavi Youvalari, Jani Lainema
2020 Misc conf
ICASSP
Ramin Ghaznavi Youvalari
2019 J jnl
IEEE Trans. Circuits Syst. Video Technol.
Ramin Ghaznavi Youvalari, Alireza Zare, Alireza Aminlou, Miska M. Hannuksela, Moncef Gabbouj
2018 C conf
VCIP
Ramin Ghaznavi Youvalari, Alireza Aminlou
2018 conf
NORCAS
Sajjad Nouri, Ramin Ghaznavi Youvalari, Jari Nurmi
2018 C conf
ISM
Ramin Ghaznavi Youvalari, Alireza Aminlou
2017 C conf
MMSP
Ramin Ghaznavi Youvalari, Alireza Zare, Huameng Fang, Alireza Aminlou, Qingpeng Xie, Miska M. Hannuksela, Moncef Gabbouj
2017 conf
3DTV-Conference
Ramin Ghaznavi Youvalari, Miska M. Hannuksela, Alireza Aminlou, Moncef Gabbouj
2016 C conf
PCS
Ramin Ghaznavi Youvalari, Alireza Aminlou, Miska M. Hannuksela
2016 C conf
ISM
Ramin Ghaznavi Youvalari, Alireza Aminlou, Miska M. Hannuksela, Moncef Gabbouj
redb/extractors/js_extractors/js_strings.py
← Index redb/extractors/js_extractors/js_strings.py python
import base64
import bisect
import inspect
import re
from datetime import datetime, timezone
from typing import Any

from redb.extractors.enum import Tag
from redb.extractors.js_extractor import JSExtractor
from redb.extractors.js_extractors.js_patterns import STRING_PATTERNS, line_offsets

# Local aliases for the compiled patterns this extractor uses. Defined and
# compiled exactly once in js_patterns.STRING_PATTERNS.
_HEX_STRING_RE = STRING_PATTERNS["hex_escape_seq"]
_UNICODE_STRING_RE = STRING_PATTERNS["unicode_escape_seq"]
_CHARCODE_RE = STRING_PATTERNS["charcode_call"]
_BASE64_STRING_RE = STRING_PATTERNS["base64_quoted"]
_CONCAT_STRING_RE = STRING_PATTERNS["concat_chain"]

# Tokeniser used inside _reconstruct_concat to pull each quoted part out of a
# matched concat chain. Compiled once at module load (was recompiled on every
# concat match before).
_CONCAT_TOKEN_RE = re.compile(r'["\']([^"\']*)["\']')


class JSStringsExtractor(JSExtractor):

    def __init__(
        self, filepath, log, exporters=None, index_prefix=None,
        known_benign=False, known_malicious=False, source=None, context=None,
    ):
        super().__init__(
            filepath, log, exporters, index_prefix,
            known_benign, known_malicious, source, context=context,
        )
        self.string_findings = None
        self.log.debug(inspect.currentframe().f_code.co_name)

    def tag(self):
        return Tag.JS_STRINGS.value

    def _decode_hex_string(self, hex_str):
        """Decode \\x41\\x42 style hex strings."""
        try:
            # Remove \\x prefix and decode
            clean = hex_str.replace('\\x', '')
            return bytes.fromhex(clean).decode('utf-8', errors='replace')
        except Exception:
            return None

    def _decode_unicode_string(self, uni_str):
        """Decode \\u0041\\u0042 style unicode strings."""
        try:
            return uni_str.encode('utf-8').decode('unicode_escape')
        except Exception:
            return None

    def _decode_charcode(self, charcode_str):
        """Decode String.fromCharCode(72, 101, 108, ...) sequences."""
        try:
            codes = [int(c.strip()) for c in charcode_str.split(',') if c.strip().isdigit()]
            return ''.join(chr(c) for c in codes if 0 <= c <= 0x10FFFF)
        except Exception:
            return None

    def _decode_base64(self, b64_str):
        """Attempt to decode base64 string."""
        try:
            decoded = base64.b64decode(b64_str)
            # Check if result is printable text
            text = decoded.decode('utf-8', errors='strict')
            # Only return if it looks like text (>80% printable)
            printable = sum(1 for c in text if c.isprintable() or c in '\n\r\t')
            if printable / len(text) > 0.8:
                return text
        except Exception:
            pass
        return None

    def _reconstruct_concat(self, concat_match):
        """Reconstruct concatenated string parts."""
        try:
            parts = _CONCAT_TOKEN_RE.findall(concat_match)
            return ''.join(parts)
        except Exception:
            return None

    def _find_line_number(self, match_start):
        """1-indexed line number for `match_start`, looked up in O(log L) via
        bisect over `self._line_offsets` (built once per extract() call).

        Replaces the historical `self.js_source[:match_start].count('\\n') + 1`
        which was O(N) per call and quadratic across all matches in a sample.
        """
        return bisect.bisect_right(self._line_offsets, match_start)

    def _scan_text(self, text):
        """Run every encoded-string pattern over `text` and return a list of
        finding dicts. Stateless apart from the per-call `_line_offsets` cache,
        which `_find_line_number` reads — callers must reset it before invoking
        this so line numbers reference the text being scanned, not the previous
        one.
        """
        findings = []

        # Hex-encoded strings
        for m in _HEX_STRING_RE.finditer(text):
            raw = m.group()
            decoded = self._decode_hex_string(raw)
            if decoded and len(decoded) >= 4:
                findings.append({
                    'string': decoded[:4000],
                    'string_raw': raw[:4000],
                    'string_encoding': 'hex',
                    'string_offset': self._find_line_number(m.start()),
                    'string_length': len(decoded),
                    'string_raw_length': len(raw),
                    'string_entropy': self._calculate_text_entropy(decoded),
                })

        # Unicode-encoded strings
        for m in _UNICODE_STRING_RE.finditer(text):
            raw = m.group()
            decoded = self._decode_unicode_string(raw)
            if decoded and len(decoded) >= 3:
                findings.append({
                    'string': decoded[:4000],
                    'string_raw': raw[:4000],
                    'string_encoding': 'unicode',
                    'string_offset': self._find_line_number(m.start()),
                    'string_length': len(decoded),
                    'string_raw_length': len(raw),
                    'string_entropy': self._calculate_text_entropy(decoded),
                })

        # String.fromCharCode sequences
        for m in _CHARCODE_RE.finditer(text):
            raw = m.group()
            decoded = self._decode_charcode(m.group(1))
            if decoded and len(decoded) >= 4:
                findings.append({
                    'string': decoded[:4000],
                    'string_raw': raw[:4000],
                    'string_encoding': 'charcode',
                    'string_offset': self._find_line_number(m.start()),
                    'string_length': len(decoded),
                    'string_raw_length': len(raw),
                    'string_entropy': self._calculate_text_entropy(decoded),
                })

        # Base64-encoded strings
        for m in _BASE64_STRING_RE.finditer(text):
            raw = m.group(0)
            b64_val = m.group(1)
            decoded = self._decode_base64(b64_val)
            if decoded and len(decoded) >= 10:
                findings.append({
                    'string': decoded[:4000],
                    'string_raw': raw[:4000],
                    'string_encoding': 'base64',
                    'string_offset': self._find_line_number(m.start()),
                    'string_length': len(decoded),
                    'string_raw_length': len(raw),
                    'string_entropy': self._calculate_text_entropy(decoded),
                })

        # Concatenated strings (reassembled)
        for m in _CONCAT_STRING_RE.finditer(text):
            raw = m.group()
            reconstructed = self._reconstruct_concat(raw)
            if reconstructed and len(reconstructed) >= 20:
                findings.append({
                    'string': reconstructed[:4000],
                    'string_raw': raw[:4000],
                    'string_encoding': 'concat',
                    'string_offset': self._find_line_number(m.start()),
                    'string_length': len(reconstructed),
                    'string_raw_length': len(raw),
                    'string_entropy': self._calculate_text_entropy(reconstructed),
                })

        return findings

    def extract(self):
        src = self.js_source
        if not src:
            return None

        # Pass 1: raw source. _line_offsets is keyed off whichever text is
        # currently being scanned so _find_line_number resolves to that text.
        self._line_offsets = line_offsets(src)
        findings = self._scan_text(src)

        # Pass 2: deobfuscated text, when the deobfuscator produced something
        # meaningfully different. Same patterns, but a different surface — for
        # samples where the encoded payload is hidden behind an outer wrapper
        # (e.g. array.join() + eval in Vjw0rm/WSH-RAT) only this pass yields
        # any rows at all.
        deobf_text, _ = self._context.deobfuscated
        if deobf_text and deobf_text != src:
            self._line_offsets = line_offsets(deobf_text)
            findings.extend(self._scan_text(deobf_text))

        if not findings:
            return None

        # Deduplicate by decoded string value (raw pass wins on collision: it
        # comes first in `findings`). A string that surfaces only in the
        # deobfuscated text still gets persisted, which is the whole point of
        # the second pass.
        seen_values = set()
        deduped = []
        for f in findings:
            val_key = f['string'][:100]
            if val_key not in seen_values:
                seen_values.add(val_key)
                deduped.append(f)

        self.string_findings = deduped[:500]  # Limit per file
        # Publish to the shared context so post-loop consumers (notably the IOC
        # plumbing in workers.py) can scrape the decoded strings without
        # holding a reference to this extractor instance.
        self._context.decoded_strings = self.string_findings
        return self.string_findings

    def prepare_export_data(self, exporter_type: str) -> Any:
        if exporter_type == "ClickHouseExporter":
            if not self.string_findings:
                return None

            data = []
            for f in self.string_findings:
                data.append([
                    self.sha256,
                    f['string'],
                    f['string_raw'],
                    f['string_encoding'],
                    f['string_offset'],
                    f['string_length'],
                    f['string_raw_length'],
                    f['string_entropy'],
                ])

            column_names = [
                "sha256",
                "string",
                "string_raw",
                "string_encoding",
                "string_offset",
                "string_length",
                "string_raw_length",
                "string_entropy",
            ]

            column_type_names = [
                "FixedString(64)",
                "String",
                "String",
                "LowCardinality(String)",
                "UInt64",
                "UInt32",
                "UInt32",
                "Float32",
            ]

            return (data, column_names, column_type_names)

    def get_clickhouse_table(self) -> str:
        return "code_binja_strings_raw"