Rahim Khan

54 papers Journal 53Unranked 1
YearRankTypeTitle / Venue / Authors
2026 J jnl
Internet Things
Umar Hayat Khan, Affaq Qamar, Rahim Khan, Mohamad A. Alawad, Fahad Alturise, Maqsood Hayat
2025 J jnl
IEEE Internet Things J.
Mian Ahmad Jan, Sohail Abbas, Houbing Song, Rahim Khan
2025 J jnl
Comput. Mater. Continua
Amal Al-Rasheed, Hashim Ali, Rahim Khan, Aamir Saeed
2025 J jnl
Comput. Mater. Continua
Rahim Khan, Ihsan Rabbi, Umar Farooq, Jawad Khan, Fahad Alturise
2025 J jnl
Frontiers Comput. Sci.
Rahim Khan, Mushtaq Khan, Nadir Shah, Amal Al-Rasheed, Aftab Ahmad Khan
2025 J jnl
Comput. Mater. Continua
Amal Al-Rasheed, Rahim Khan, Fahad Alturise, Salem Alkhalaf
2025 J jnl
Comput. Mater. Continua
Amjad Khan, Rahim Khan, Fahad Alturise, Tamim Alkhalifah
2025 J jnl
Signal Image Video Process.
Xuefei Ma, Yuanhui Xiang, Haifeng Zhu, Rahim Khan, Yanni Wu, Chen Wang, Wanyan Wang, Hengliang Wu, Zhiqiang Wu
2025 J jnl
IEEE Trans. Consumer Electron.
Amal Al-Rasheed, Tahani Alsaedi, Rahim Khan, Bharati Rathore, Gaurav Dhiman, Mahwish Kundi, Aftab Ahmad
2025 J jnl
Image Vis. Comput.
Rahim Khan, Nada Alzaben, Yousef Ibrahim Daradkeh, Xianxun Zhu, Inam Ullah
2025 J jnl
Signal Image Video Process.
Xuefei Ma, Min Zhou, Haifeng Zhu, Rahim Khan, Zilong Yang, Yingjian Wu, Modi Qi
2025 J jnl
IEEE Access
Rashid Ul Haq, Rahim Khan, Fahad Alturise, Shafrida Sahrani, Salem Alkhalaf, Mahidur R. Sarker
2024 J jnl
IEEE Internet Things J.
Mian Ahmad Jan, Wenjing Zhang, Aamir Akbar, Houbing Song, Rahim Khan, Samia Allaoua Chelloug
2024 J jnl
Comput. Intell.
Shaha Al-Otaibi, Rahim Khan, Jehad Ali, Aftab Ahmed
2024 J jnl
IEEE Geosci. Remote. Sens. Lett.
Rahim Khan, Tahir Arshad, Xuefei Ma, Wang Chen, Haifeng Zhu, Yanni Wu
2024 J jnl
Inf. Fusion
Mian Ahmad Jan, Wenjing Zhang, Fazlullah Khan, Sohail Abbas, Rahim Khan
2024 J jnl
Comput. Mater. Continua
Amal Al-Rasheed, Rahim Khan, Tahani Alsaedi, Mahwish Kundi, Mohamad Hanif Md. Saad, Mahidur R. Sarker
2024 J jnl
Comput. Sci. Rev.
Muhammad Zakarya, Ayaz Ali Khan, Mohammad Reza Chalak Qazani, Hashim Ali, Mahmood Al-Bahri, Atta ur Rehman Khan, Ahmad Ali, Rahim Khan
2023 J jnl
IEEE Trans. Ind. Informatics
Rahim Khan, Jason Teo, Mian Ahmad Jan, Sahil Verma, Ryan Alturki, Abdullah Gani
2023 J jnl
IET Signal Process.
Zhou Chen, Xianwen Zhao, Ziqi Zhou, Xuefei Ma, Qi Cheng, Xuan Cai, Bowang Jiang, Rahim Khan, Pradip Kumar Sharma, Osama Alfarraj, Amr Tolba
2022 J jnl
IET Commun.
Rahim Khan, Qiang Yang, Inam Ullah, Ateeq Ur Rehman, Ahsan Bin Tufail, Alam Noor, Abdul Rehman, Korhan Cengiz
2022 J jnl
Sensors
Aitizaz Ali, Mohammed Amin Almaiah, Fahima Hajjej, Muhammad Fermi Pasha, Ong Huey Fang, Rahim Khan, Jason Teo, Muhammad Zakarya
2022 J jnl
Telecommun. Syst.
Aftab Ahmed Khan, Muhammad Zakarya, Xuan Liu, Rahim Khan, Ahmad Ali, Ayaz Ali Khan
2022 J jnl
IEEE Trans. Serv. Comput.
Muhammad Zakarya, Lee Gillam, Hashim Ali, Izaz Ur Rahman, Khaled Salah, Rahim Khan, Omer F. Rana, Rajkumar Buyya
2021 J jnl
Brain Informatics
Ahsan Bin Tufail, Yong-Kui Ma, Qiu-Na Zhang, Adil Khan, Lei Zhao, Qiang Yang, Muhammad Adeel, Rahim Khan, Inam Ullah
2021 J jnl
IEEE Netw.
Rahim Khan, Ihsan Ali, Mian Ahmad Jan, Muhammad Zakarya, Muazzam Ali Khan Khattak, Sultan S. Alshamrani, Mohsen Guizani
2021 J jnl
J. Inf. Secur. Appl.
Yanbin Zhang, Ke Cheng, Fazlullah Khan, Ryan Alturki, Rahim Khan, Ateeq Ur Rehman
2021 J jnl
IEEE Trans. Cloud Comput.
Ayaz Ali Khan, Muhammad Zakarya, Rajkumar Buyya, Rahim Khan, Mukhtaj Khan, Omer F. Rana
2021 J jnl
Ann. des Télécommunications
Syed Rooh Ullah Jan, Rahim Khan, Mian Ahmad Jan
2021 J jnl
Wirel. Commun. Mob. Comput.
Rahim Khan, Qiang Yang, Ahsan Bin Tufail, Alam Noor, Yong-Kui Ma
2021 J jnl
J. Netw. Comput. Appl.
Ayaz Ali Khan, Muhammad Zakarya, Izaz Ur Rahman, Rahim Khan, Rajkumar Buyya
2021 J jnl
IEEE Trans. Ind. Informatics
Mian Ahmad Jan, Fazlullah Khan, Rahim Khan, Spyridon Mastorakis, Varun G. Menon, Mamoun Alazab, Paul A. Watters
2021 J jnl
Comput. Commun.
Syed Roohullah Jan, Rahim Khan, Fazlullah Khan, Mian Ahmad Jan, Mohammad Dahman Alshehri, Venki Balasubramaniam, Paramjit S. Sehdev
2020 J jnl
IEEE Access
Rahim Khan, Muhammad Zakarya, Ayaz Ali Khan, Izaz Ur Rahman, Mohd Amiruddin Abd Rahman, Muhammad Khalis Abdul Karim, Mohd Shafie Mustafa
2020 J jnl
IEEE Access
Xiuping Zheng, Asma Idrees, Fazlullah Khan, Saima Anwar Lashari, Rahim Khan, Meiling Li, Muhammad Tahir, Mian Ahmad Jan
2020 J jnl
Concurr. Comput. Pract. Exp.
Tao Han, Syed Rooh Ullah Jan, Zhiyuan Tan, Muhammad Usman, Mian Ahmad Jan, Rahim Khan, Yongzhao Xu
2020 J jnl
IEEE Access
Muhammad Adil, Rahim Khan, Mohammed Amin Almaiah, Muhammad Binsawad, Jehad Ali, Adeeb Alsaaidah, Qui Thanh Hoai Ta
2020 J jnl
IEEE Access
Muhammad Adil, Rahim Khan, Jehad Ali, Byeong-Hee Roh, Qui Thanh Hoai Ta, Mohammed Amin Almaiah
2020 J jnl
J. Netw. Comput. Appl.
Ayaz Ali Khan, Muhammad Zakarya, Rahim Khan, Izaz Ur Rahman, Mukhtaj Khan, Atta ur Rehman Khan
2020 J jnl
Soft Comput.
Izaz Ur Rahman, Muhammad Zakarya, Mushtaq Raza, Rahim Khan
2020 J jnl
Comput. Electron. Agric.
Alam Noor, Yaqin Zhao, Anis Koubaa, Longwen Wu, Rahim Khan, Fakheraldin Y. O. Abdalla
2020 J jnl
IEEE Access
Muhammad Nawaz Khan, Haseeb Ur Rahman, Mohammed Amin Almaiah, Muhammad Zahid Khan, Ajab Khan, Mushtaq Raza, Mohammed Al-Zahrani, Omar Almomani, Rahim Khan
2020 J jnl
IEEE Access
Muhammad Adil, Rahim Khan, Mohammed Amin Almaiah, Mohammed Al-Zahrani, Muhammad Zakarya, Muhammad Saeed Amjad, Rehan Ahmed
2020 J jnl
Multim. Tools Appl.
Alam Noor, Yaqin Zhao, Rahim Khan, Longwen Wu, Fakheraldin Y. O. Abdalla
2020 conf
ICACS
Muhammad Adil, Rahim Khan, M. Ahmad Nawaz Ul Ghani
2019 J jnl
IEEE Access
Ayaz Ali Khan, Abid Ali, Muhammad Zakarya, Rahim Khan, Mukhtaj Khan, Izaz Ur Rahman, Mohd Amiruddin Abd Rahman
2019 J jnl
Mob. Networks Appl.
Syed Rooh Ullah Jan, Mian Ahmad Jan, Rahim Khan, Hakeem Ullah, Muhammad Alam, Muhammad Usman
2019 J jnl
Simul. Model. Pract. Theory
Rahim Khan
2019 J jnl
Simul. Model. Pract. Theory
Ayaz Ali Khan, Muhammad Zakarya, Rahim Khan
2019 J jnl
IEEE Syst. J.
Ayaz Ali Khan, Muhammad Zakarya, Rahim Khan
2019 J jnl
Sensors
Rahim Khan, Ihsan Ali, Saleh M. Altowaijri, Muhammad Zakarya, Atiq Ur Rahman, Ismail Ahmedy, Anwar Khan, Abdullah Gani
2019 J jnl
Comput. Intell. Neurosci.
Muhammad Sulaiman, Sohail Ahmad, Javed Iqbal, Asfandyar Khan, Rahim Khan
2019 J jnl
Int. J. Commun. Syst.
Rahim Khan, Muhammad Zakarya, Zhiyuan Tan, Muhammad Usman, Mian Ahmad Jan, Mukhtaj Khan
2018 J jnl
IEEE Access
Rahim Khan, Ihsan Ali, Muhammad Zakarya, Ahmad M. Mustafa, Muhammad Imran, Muhammad Shoaib
redb/extractors/decompiler/_archive/GhidraDecompilerScript-v2.java
← Index redb/extractors/decompiler/_archive/GhidraDecompilerScript-v2.java java
import ghidra.app.script.GhidraScript;
import ghidra.program.model.listing.*;
import ghidra.app.decompiler.*;
import ghidra.program.model.block.*;
import ghidra.program.model.symbol.*;
import ghidra.program.model.pcode.*;
import ghidra.program.model.address.*;
import org.json.JSONObject;
import org.json.JSONArray;
import java.security.MessageDigest;
import java.nio.charset.StandardCharsets;

public class GhidraDecompilerScript extends GhidraScript {
    private DecompInterface decompInterface;
    private BasicBlockModel basicBlockModel;

    @Override
    public void run() throws Exception {
        System.err.println("{\"debug\": \"Script starting\"}");

        // Get binary hash and filepath from arguments
        String[] args = getScriptArgs();
        if (args.length < 2) {
            System.err.println("{\"error\": \"Both SHA256 and filepath arguments are required\"}");
            return;
        }
        String sha256 = args[0];
        String filepath = args[1];

        // Add debug output after setup
        System.err.println("{\"debug\": \"Processing file: " + args[1] + "\"}");

        // Initialize analysis components
        setupDecompiler();
        basicBlockModel = new BasicBlockModel(currentProgram);

        // Create the main JSON object for output
        JSONObject output = new JSONObject();
        output.put("sha256", sha256);
        output.put("decompiled", new JSONArray());
        output.put("disassembled", new JSONArray());
        output.put("cfg", new JSONArray());

        // Process all functions
        FunctionIterator functions = currentProgram.getFunctionManager().getFunctions(true);
        for (Function function : functions) {
            processFunction(function, output);
        }

        System.err.println("{\"debug\": \"Preparing final output\"}");
        // Output the final JSON to stdout
        System.out.println(output.toString());
    }

    private void setupDecompiler() {
        decompInterface = new DecompInterface();
        DecompileOptions options = new DecompileOptions();
        decompInterface.setOptions(options);
        decompInterface.openProgram(currentProgram);
    }

    private void processFunction(Function function, JSONObject output) {
        try {
            Address entry = function.getEntryPoint();
            String functionName = function.getName();
            String functionAddress = entry.toString();

            // Process each analysis type independently
            boolean hasAnyResults = false;

            try {
                if (processDecompiledCode(function, output.getJSONArray("decompiled"),
                                        functionName, functionAddress)) {
                    hasAnyResults = true;
                }
            } catch (Exception e) {
                System.err.println(String.format(
                    "{\"error\": \"Decompilation failed for function %s: %s\"}",
                    functionName, e.getMessage().replace("\"", "'")));
            }

            try {
                if (processDisassembledCode(function, output.getJSONArray("disassembled"),
                                        functionName, functionAddress)) {
                    hasAnyResults = true;
                }
            } catch (Exception e) {
                System.err.println(String.format(
                    "{\"error\": \"Disassembly failed for function %s: %s\"}",
                    functionName, e.getMessage().replace("\"", "'")));
            }

            try {
                if (processCFG(function, output.getJSONArray("cfg"), functionAddress)) {
                    hasAnyResults = true;
                }
            } catch (Exception e) {
                System.err.println(String.format(
                    "{\"error\": \"CFG extraction failed for function %s: %s\"}",
                    functionName, e.getMessage().replace("\"", "'")));
            }

            if (!hasAnyResults) {
                System.err.println(String.format(
                    "{\"warning\": \"No results obtained for function %s\"}",
                    functionName));
            }

        } catch (Exception e) {
            System.err.println(String.format(
                "{\"error\": \"Failed to process function: %s\"}",
                e.getMessage().replace("\"", "'")));
        }
    }

    private boolean processDecompiledCode(Function function, JSONArray decompArray,
                                        String functionName, String functionAddress) {
        try {
            DecompileResults results = decompInterface.decompileFunction(function, 30, monitor);
            if (results == null || !results.decompileCompleted()) {
                System.err.println(String.format(
                    "{\"warning\": \"Decompilation incomplete for function %s\"}",
                    functionName));
                return false;
            }

            String decompiledCode = results.getDecompiledFunction().getC();
            if (decompiledCode == null || decompiledCode.trim().isEmpty()) {
                System.err.println(String.format(
                    "{\"warning\": \"Empty decompilation result for function %s\"}",
                    functionName));
                return false;
            }

            String contentHash = calculateHash(decompiledCode);

            JSONObject functionObj = new JSONObject();
            functionObj.put("decompiled_content_hash", contentHash);
            functionObj.put("decompiled_function_name", functionName);
            functionObj.put("decompiled_function_address", functionAddress);
            functionObj.put("decompiled_function", decompiledCode);

            decompArray.put(functionObj);
            return true;

        } catch (Exception e) {
            throw new RuntimeException("Decompilation error: " + e.getMessage(), e);
        }
    }

    private boolean processDisassembledCode(Function function, JSONArray disasmArray,
                                        String functionName, String functionAddress) {
        try {
            StringBuilder disassembly = new StringBuilder();
            StringBuilder normalized = new StringBuilder();
            int instructionCount = 0;
            boolean hasValidInstructions = false;

            Listing listing = currentProgram.getListing();
            AddressSetView functionBody = function.getBody();
            InstructionIterator instructions = listing.getInstructions(functionBody, true);

            while (instructions.hasNext()) {
                try {
                    Instruction instr = instructions.next();
                    if (instr != null) {
                        String disasmLine = instr.toString();
                        if (disasmLine != null && !disasmLine.trim().isEmpty()) {
                            disassembly.append(disasmLine).append("\n");
                            normalized.append(normalizeInstruction(disasmLine)).append("\n");
                            instructionCount++;
                            hasValidInstructions = true;
                        }
                    }
                } catch (Exception e) {
                    System.err.println(String.format(
                        "{\"warning\": \"Skipped invalid instruction in %s: %s\"}",
                        functionName, e.getMessage().replace("\"", "'")));
                }
            }

            if (!hasValidInstructions) {
                System.err.println(String.format(
                    "{\"warning\": \"No valid instructions found in function %s\"}",
                    functionName));
                return false;
            }

            String disassembledCode = disassembly.toString();
            String contentHash = calculateHash(disassembledCode);

            JSONObject functionObj = new JSONObject();
            functionObj.put("disassembled_content_hash", contentHash);
            functionObj.put("disassembled_function_name", functionName);
            functionObj.put("disassembled_function_address", functionAddress);
            functionObj.put("disassembled_function", disassembledCode);
            functionObj.put("normalized_disassembly", normalized.toString());
            functionObj.put("instruction_count", instructionCount);

            // Initialize similarity fields as null
            functionObj.put("minhash_signature", JSONObject.NULL);
            functionObj.put("opcode_frequency_vector", JSONObject.NULL);
            functionObj.put("api_calls_vector", JSONObject.NULL);
            functionObj.put("instruction_embedding", JSONObject.NULL);

            disasmArray.put(functionObj);
            return true;

        } catch (Exception e) {
            throw new RuntimeException("Disassembly error: " + e.getMessage(), e);
        }
    }

    private boolean processCFG(Function function, JSONArray cfgArray, String functionAddress) {
        try {
            CodeBlockIterator blocks = basicBlockModel.getCodeBlocksContaining(
                function.getBody(), monitor);

            boolean hasValidBlocks = false;

            while (blocks.hasNext()) {
                try {
                    CodeBlock block = blocks.next();
                    String blockInstructions = getBlockInstructions(block);

                    if (blockInstructions == null || blockInstructions.trim().isEmpty()) {
                        continue;
                    }

                    String blockId = calculateHash(blockInstructions);

                    JSONObject blockObj = new JSONObject();
                    blockObj.put("block_id", blockId);
                    blockObj.put("function_address", functionAddress);
                    blockObj.put("block_instructions", blockInstructions);

                    // Process successors with error handling
                    JSONArray successorAddresses = new JSONArray();
                    try {
                        CodeBlockReferenceIterator successors = block.getDestinations(monitor);
                        while (successors.hasNext()) {
                            try {
                                CodeBlockReference ref = successors.next();
                                if (ref != null && ref.getDestinationAddress() != null) {
                                    successorAddresses.put(ref.getDestinationAddress().toString());
                                }
                            } catch (Exception e) {
                                System.err.println(String.format(
                                    "{\"warning\": \"Skipped invalid successor in block %s: %s\"}",
                                    blockId, e.getMessage().replace("\"", "'")));
                            }
                        }
                    } catch (Exception e) {
                        System.err.println(String.format(
                            "{\"warning\": \"Error processing successors for block %s: %s\"}",
                            blockId, e.getMessage().replace("\"", "'")));
                    }

                    blockObj.put("successor_blocks", successorAddresses);
                    cfgArray.put(blockObj);
                    hasValidBlocks = true;

                } catch (Exception e) {
                    System.err.println(String.format(
                        "{\"warning\": \"Skipped invalid block in function %s: %s\"}",
                        functionAddress, e.getMessage().replace("\"", "'")));
                }
            }

            return hasValidBlocks;

        } catch (Exception e) {
            throw new RuntimeException("CFG extraction error: " + e.getMessage(), e);
        }
    }

    private String getBlockInstructions(CodeBlock block) {
        StringBuilder instructions = new StringBuilder();
        try {
            AddressIterator addresses = block.getAddresses(true);
            while (addresses.hasNext()) {
                try {
                    Address addr = addresses.next();
                    if (addr != null) {
                        Instruction instr = currentProgram.getListing().getInstructionAt(addr);
                        if (instr != null) {
                            instructions.append(instr.toString()).append("\n");
                        }
                    }
                } catch (Exception e) {
                    System.err.println(String.format(
                        "{\"warning\": \"Skipped invalid instruction at address %s: %s\"}",
                        addresses.next(), e.getMessage().replace("\"", "'")));
                }
            }
        } catch (Exception e) {
            System.err.println(String.format(
                "{\"warning\": \"Error getting block instructions: %s\"}",
                e.getMessage().replace("\"", "'")));
        }
        return instructions.toString();
    }

    private String normalizeInstruction(String instruction) {
        try {
            if (instruction == null || instruction.trim().isEmpty()) {
                return "";
            }
            return instruction.replaceAll("0x[0-9a-fA-F]+", "IMM")
                            .replaceAll("\\b\\d+\\b", "NUM")
                            .replaceAll("[\\[\\]\\+\\-\\*/%&|^]+", "_OP_");
        } catch (Exception e) {
            System.err.println(String.format(
                "{\"warning\": \"Error normalizing instruction: %s\"}",
                e.getMessage().replace("\"", "'")));
            return instruction;
        }
    }

    private String calculateHash(String content) {
        try {
            if (content == null || content.trim().isEmpty()) {
                return "";
            }
            MessageDigest digest = MessageDigest.getInstance("SHA-256");
            byte[] hash = digest.digest(content.getBytes(StandardCharsets.UTF_8));
            StringBuilder hexString = new StringBuilder();
            for (byte b : hash) {
                hexString.append(String.format("%02x", b));
            }
            return hexString.toString();
        } catch (Exception e) {
            System.err.println(String.format(
                "{\"error\": \"Error calculating hash: %s\"}",
                e.getMessage().replace("\"", "'")));
            return "";
        }
    }
}