Rachee Singh

49 papers A* 6A 2Misc 9Journal 21Unranked 11
YearRankTypeTitle / Venue / Authors
2026 J jnl
CoRR
Eric Ding, Barry Lyu, Bhaskar Kataria, Rachee Singh
2026 conf
ASPLOS (2)
Abhishek Vijaya Kumar, Eric Ding, Arjun Devraj, Darius Bunandar, Rachee Singh
2026 J jnl
CoRR
Abhishek Vijaya Kumar, Bhaskar Kataria, Byungsoo Oh, Emaad Manzoor, Rachee Singh
2026 conf
NINeS
Bhaskar Kataria, Hammas Bin Tanveer, Rishab Nithyanand, Rachee Singh
2025 J jnl
CoRR
Arjun Devraj, Eric Ding, Abhishek Vijaya Kumar, Robert Kleinberg, Rachee Singh
2025 conf
ASPLOS (2)
Abhishek Vijaya Kumar, Gianni Antichi, Rachee Singh
2025 conf
OFC
Abhishek Vijaya Kumar, Arjun Devraj, Darius Bunandar, Rachee Singh
2025 J jnl
CoRR
Abhishek Vijaya Kumar, Arjun Devraj, Darius Bunandar, Rachee Singh
2025 Misc conf
NSDI
Mary Hogan, Gerry Wan, Yiming Qiu, Sharad Agarwal, Ryan Beckett, Rachee Singh, Paramvir Bahl
2025 J jnl
CoRR
Osayamen Jonathan Aimuyo, Byungsoo Oh, Rachee Singh
2025 J jnl
CoRR
Abhishek Vijaya Kumar, Eric Ding, Arjun Devraj, Rachee Singh
2025 J jnl
CoRR
Abhishek Vijaya Kumar, Arjun Devraj, Rachee Singh
2025 conf
OFC
Eric Ding, Rachee Singh
2025 Misc conf
HotNets
Eric Ding, Chuhan Ouyang, Rachee Singh
2025 J jnl
CoRR
Eric Ding, Chuhan Ouyang, Rachee Singh
2025 J jnl
CoRR
Eric Ding, Rachee Singh
2025 J jnl
CoRR
Sarah-Michelle Hammer, Stefan Schmid, Rachee Singh, Vamsi Addanki
2025 Misc conf
HotNets
Pradeep Dogga, Rachee Singh, Suman Nath, Ravi Netravali, Jens Palsberg, George Varghese
2025 J jnl
CoRR
Arjun Devraj, Umesh Krishnaswamy, Ying Zhang, Karuna Grewal, Justin Hsu, Eva Tardos, Rachee Singh
2025 A conf
IMC
Arjun Devraj, Bill Owens, Rachee Singh
2024 Misc conf
HotNets
Abhishek Vijaya Kumar, Arjun Devraj, Darius Bunandar, Rachee Singh
2024 Misc conf
NSDI
Abhishek Vijaya Kumar, Bill Owens, Nikolaj S. Bjørner, Binbin Guan, Yawei Yin, Paramvir Bahl, Rachee Singh
2024 J jnl
CoRR
Anjali, Rachee Singh, Michael M. Swift
2024 J jnl
CoRR
Abhishek Vijaya Kumar, Gianni Antichi, Rachee Singh
2023 A* conf
USENIX Security Symposium
Hammas Bin Tanveer, Rachee Singh, Paul Pearce, Rishab Nithyanand
2023 conf
CoNEXT (Short Papers)
Hammas Bin Tanveer, Mike Puchol, Rachee Singh, Antonio Bianchi, Rishab Nithyanand
2023 J jnl
CoRR
Hammas Bin Tanveer, Mike Puchol, Rachee Singh, Antonio Bianchi, Rishab Nithyanand
2023 Misc conf
NSDI
Umesh Krishnaswamy, Rachee Singh, Paul Mattes, Paul-Andre C. Bissonnette, Nikolaj S. Bjørner, Zahira Nasrin, Sonal Kothari, Prabhakar Reddy, John Abeln, Srikanth Kandula, Himanshu Raj, Luis Irún-Briz, Jamie Gaudette, Erica Lan
2023 A* conf
SIGCOMM
Zhiying Xu, Francis Y. Yan, Rachee Singh, Justin T. Chiu, Alexander M. Rush, Minlan Yu
2022 Misc conf
NSDI
Umesh Krishnaswamy, Rachee Singh, Nikolaj S. Bjørner, Himanshu Raj
2022 J jnl
CoRR
Hammas Bin Tanveer, Rachee Singh, Paul Pearce, Rishab Nithyanand
2022 J jnl
CoRR
Zhiying Xu, Francis Y. Yan, Rachee Singh, Justin T. Chiu, Alexander M. Rush, Minlan Yu
2022 conf
SOSR
Rachee Singh, Nikolaj S. Bjørner, Umesh Krishnaswamy
2021 Misc conf
NSDI
Rachee Singh, Sharad Agarwal, Matt Calder, Paramvir Bahl
2021 A* conf
SIGCOMM
Rachee Singh, Nikolaj S. Bjørner, Sharon Shoham, Yawei Yin, John Arnold, Jamie Gaudette
2021 conf
SIGMETRICS (Abstracts)
Rachee Singh, David Tench, Phillipa Gill, Andrew McGregor
2021 J jnl
Proc. ACM Meas. Anal. Comput. Syst.
Rachee Singh, David Tench, Phillipa Gill, Andrew McGregor
2021 J jnl
Comput. Commun. Rev.
Rachee Singh, Muqeet Mukhtar, Ashay Krishna, Aniruddha Parkhi, Jitendra Padhye, David A. Maltz
2021 J jnl
CoRR
Aashaka Shah, Vijay Chidambaram, Meghan Cowan, Saeed Maleki, Madan Musuvathi, Todd Mytkowicz, Jacob Nelson, Olli Saarikivi, Rachee Singh
2018 conf
ANRW
Rachee Singh, Manya Ghobadi, Klaus-Tycho Foerster, Mark Filer, Phillipa Gill
2018 A conf
Internet Measurement Conference
Rachee Singh, Arun Dunna, Phillipa Gill
2018 conf
ANRW
Rachee Singh, Rishab Nithyanand, Sadia Afroz, Paul Pearce, Michael Carl Tschantz, Phillipa Gill, Vern Paxson
2018 A* conf
SIGCOMM
Rachee Singh, Manya Ghobadi, Klaus-Tycho Foerster, Mark Filer, Phillipa Gill
2017 A* conf
USENIX Security Symposium
Rachee Singh, Rishab Nithyanand, Sadia Afroz, Paul Pearce, Michael Carl Tschantz, Phillipa Gill, Vern Paxson
2017 Misc conf
HotNets
Rachee Singh, Monia Ghobadi, Klaus-Tycho Foerster, Mark Filer, Phillipa Gill
2016 J jnl
CoRR
Rishab Nithyanand, Rachee Singh, Shinyoung Cho, Phillipa Gill
2016 A* conf
SIGCOMM
Rachee Singh, Phillipa Gill
2016 J jnl
CoRR
Rachee Singh, Hyungjoon Koo, Najmehalsadat Miramirkhani, Fahimeh Mirhaj, Leman Akoglu, Phillipa Gill
2016 conf
FOCI
Rachee Singh, Hyungjoon Koo, Najmehalsadat Miramirkhani, Fahimeh Mirhaj, Phillipa Gill, Leman Akoglu
redb/extractors/apk_extractors/apk_signature.py
← Index redb/extractors/apk_extractors/apk_signature.py python
import hashlib
import inspect
from datetime import datetime, timezone
from typing import Any, Optional, Tuple

from redb.extractors.enum import Tag
from redb.extractors.apk_extractor import APKExtractor
from redb.models.dataclasses import APKCertificate, APKCodeSigningInfo


# OID to RFC 4514 short name mapping
_OID_SHORT_NAMES = {
    '2.5.4.3': 'CN', '2.5.4.6': 'C', '2.5.4.7': 'L', '2.5.4.8': 'ST',
    '2.5.4.10': 'O', '2.5.4.11': 'OU', '1.2.840.113549.1.9.1': 'E',
    '2.5.4.5': 'SERIALNUMBER', '2.5.4.12': 'T', '2.5.4.42': 'GN',
    '2.5.4.4': 'SN', '2.5.4.9': 'STREET', '2.5.4.17': 'POSTALCODE',
}


def _asn1_name_to_rfc4514(name):
    """Convert an asn1crypto x509.Name to RFC 4514 string (CN=..., O=...)."""
    parts = []
    for rdn in name.chosen:
        for attr in rdn:
            oid = attr['type'].dotted
            val = attr['value'].native
            short = _OID_SHORT_NAMES.get(oid, oid)
            parts.append(f'{short}={val}')
    return ', '.join(parts)


class APKSignatureExtractor(APKExtractor):

    def __init__(
        self, filepath, log, exporters=None, index_prefix=None,
        known_benign=False, known_malicious=False,
        apk=None,
    ):
        super().__init__(
            filepath, log, exporters, index_prefix,
            known_benign, known_malicious, apk,
        )
        self.signing_info = None
        self.log.debug(inspect.currentframe().f_code.co_name)

    def tag(self):
        return Tag.APK_SIGNATURE.value

    def _detect_signature_schemes(self):
        """Detect which APK signature schemes are present."""
        schemes = []
        try:
            if self.apk.is_signed_v1():
                schemes.append(1)
        except Exception:
            pass
        try:
            if self.apk.is_signed_v2():
                schemes.append(2)
        except Exception:
            pass
        try:
            if self.apk.is_signed_v3():
                schemes.append(3)
        except Exception:
            pass
        return schemes

    def _extract_certificate_info(self, cert, source_scheme=None):
        """Extract certificate details from an androguard certificate object."""
        try:
            # Subject and Issuer — asn1crypto doesn't have rfc4514_string, convert manually
            subject = _asn1_name_to_rfc4514(cert.subject)
            issuer = _asn1_name_to_rfc4514(cert.issuer)

            # Serial number
            serial = str(cert.serial_number)

            # Validity
            valid_from = cert.not_valid_before
            valid_to = cert.not_valid_after
            if isinstance(valid_from, datetime):
                valid_from = valid_from.strftime("%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S")
            else:
                valid_from = str(valid_from)
            if isinstance(valid_to, datetime):
                valid_to = valid_to.strftime("%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S")
            else:
                valid_to = str(valid_to)

            # Thumbprints
            cert_der = cert.dump()
            thumbprint_sha1 = hashlib.sha1(cert_der).hexdigest()
            thumbprint_sha256 = hashlib.sha256(cert_der).hexdigest()

            # Algorithm
            algorithm = None
            try:
                algorithm = cert.hash_algo
            except Exception:
                try:
                    algorithm = cert.signature_algo
                except Exception:
                    pass

            # Key size
            key_size = None
            try:
                pub_key = cert.public_key
                if hasattr(pub_key, 'bit_size'):
                    key_size = pub_key.bit_size
                elif hasattr(pub_key, 'key_size'):
                    key_size = pub_key.key_size
            except Exception:
                pass

            # Self-signed check
            is_self_signed = cert.subject == cert.issuer

            return APKCertificate(
                subject=subject,
                issuer=issuer,
                serial_number=serial,
                valid_from=valid_from,
                valid_to=valid_to,
                thumbprint_sha1=thumbprint_sha1,
                thumbprint_sha256=thumbprint_sha256,
                algorithm=algorithm,
                key_size=key_size,
                is_self_signed=is_self_signed,
                certificate_source_scheme=source_scheme,
            )
        except Exception as e:
            self.log.error(f"Error extracting certificate info: {e}")
            return None

    def _get_signer_certificate(self, schemes) -> Tuple[Optional[APKCertificate], Optional[str]]:
        """Identify the actual signer certificate using V3>V2>V1 priority.

        V2/V3: certificates[0] is the signer per spec.
        V1: androguard's get_certificate() does SignerInfo matching internally.

        Returns (signer_cert_info, source_scheme) or (None, None).
        """
        # V3 takes priority (Android 9+)
        if 3 in schemes:
            try:
                certs = self.apk.get_certificates_v3()
                if certs:
                    cert_info = self._extract_certificate_info(certs[0], source_scheme='v3')
                    if cert_info:
                        return cert_info, 'v3'
            except Exception as e:
                self.log.debug(f"V3 signer extraction failed: {e}")

        # V2 next (Android 7.0+)
        if 2 in schemes:
            try:
                certs = self.apk.get_certificates_v2()
                if certs:
                    cert_info = self._extract_certificate_info(certs[0], source_scheme='v2')
                    if cert_info:
                        return cert_info, 'v2'
            except Exception as e:
                self.log.debug(f"V2 signer extraction failed: {e}")

        # V1 fallback — androguard does SignerInfo.issuerAndSerialNumber matching
        if 1 in schemes:
            try:
                names = self.apk.get_signature_names()
                if names:
                    cert = self.apk.get_certificate(names[0])
                    if cert:
                        cert_info = self._extract_certificate_info(cert, source_scheme='v1')
                        if cert_info:
                            return cert_info, 'v1'
            except Exception as e:
                self.log.debug(f"V1 signer extraction failed: {e}")

        return None, None

    def _extract_all_certificates(self, schemes):
        """Extract all certificates with their source scheme tracked.

        Uses scheme-specific methods to preserve source information,
        deduplicating by thumbprint_sha1 and merging source schemes.
        """
        # cert thumbprint -> (APKCertificate, set of source schemes)
        seen = {}

        for scheme_num, method_name in [
            (3, 'get_certificates_v3'),
            (2, 'get_certificates_v2'),
            (1, 'get_certificates_v1'),
        ]:
            if scheme_num not in schemes:
                continue
            try:
                method = getattr(self.apk, method_name, None)
                if method is None:
                    continue
                certs = method()
                if not certs:
                    continue
                for cert in certs:
                    cert_info = self._extract_certificate_info(cert, source_scheme=f'v{scheme_num}')
                    if cert_info:
                        key = cert_info.thumbprint_sha1
                        if key in seen:
                            # Merge source schemes
                            existing_cert, existing_schemes = seen[key]
                            existing_schemes.add(f'v{scheme_num}')
                        else:
                            seen[key] = (cert_info, {f'v{scheme_num}'})
            except Exception as e:
                self.log.warning(f"Error extracting v{scheme_num} certificates: {e}")

        # Build final list with merged source schemes
        result = []
        for cert_info, source_schemes in seen.values():
            cert_info.certificate_source_scheme = ','.join(sorted(source_schemes))
            result.append(cert_info)

        return result

    def extract(self):
        if not self._is_valid_apk():
            self.log.error(f"Invalid APK for {self.hash.sha256}")
            return None

        schemes = self._detect_signature_schemes()
        is_signed = len(schemes) > 0

        # Extract all certificates with source scheme tracking
        certificates = self._extract_all_certificates(schemes)

        # Identify the actual signer using V3>V2>V1 priority
        signer_cert, signer_scheme = self._get_signer_certificate(schemes)

        apk_signer_subject = signer_cert.subject if signer_cert else None
        apk_signer_issuer = signer_cert.issuer if signer_cert else None

        self.signing_info = APKCodeSigningInfo(
            _id=self.sha256,
            is_signed=is_signed,
            signature_scheme_versions=schemes,
            number_of_certificates=len(certificates),
            x509_certificates=certificates if certificates else None,
            apk_signer_subject=apk_signer_subject,
            apk_signer_issuer=apk_signer_issuer,
        )
        return self.signing_info

    def prepare_export_data(self, exporter_type: str) -> Any:
        if exporter_type == "ClickHouseExporter":
            if not self.signing_info:
                return None

            current_time = datetime.now(timezone.utc)
            sig = self.signing_info

            # Signature summary table
            signature_data = [[
                self.sha256,
                int(sig.is_signed),
                sig.signature_scheme_versions,
                sig.number_of_certificates,
                sig.apk_signer_subject,
                sig.apk_signer_issuer,
                current_time,
            ]]

            # Certificates table (one row per certificate)
            certificates_data = []
            if sig.x509_certificates:
                for cert in sig.x509_certificates:
                    certificates_data.append([
                        self.sha256,
                        cert.subject,
                        cert.issuer,
                        cert.serial_number,
                        datetime.strptime(cert.valid_from, "%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S") if cert.valid_from else None,
                        datetime.strptime(cert.valid_to, "%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S") if cert.valid_to else None,
                        cert.thumbprint_sha1,
                        cert.algorithm,
                        cert.key_size,
                        int(cert.is_self_signed),
                        cert.certificate_source_scheme,
                        current_time,
                    ])

            return {
                'multi_table': True,
                'signature': {
                    'table': 'redb_apk_signature',
                    'data': signature_data,
                    'column_names': [
                        'sha256',
                        'is_signed', 'signature_scheme_versions',
                        'number_of_certificates',
                        'apk_signer_subject', 'apk_signer_issuer',
                        'analysis_date',
                    ],
                    'column_type_names': [
                        'FixedString(64)',
                        'UInt8', 'Array(UInt8)',
                        'UInt8',
                        'Nullable(String)', 'Nullable(String)',
                        "DateTime64(3, 'UTC')",
                    ],
                },
                'certificates': {
                    'table': 'redb_apk_certificates',
                    'data': certificates_data,
                    'column_names': [
                        'sha256', 'certificate_subject', 'certificate_issuer',
                        'certificate_serial_number',
                        'certificate_valid_from', 'certificate_valid_to',
                        'certificate_thumbprint',
                        'certificate_algorithm', 'key_size', 'is_self_signed',
                        'certificate_source_scheme',
                        'analysis_date',
                    ],
                    'column_type_names': [
                        'FixedString(64)', 'String', 'String', 'String',
                        "DateTime64(3, 'UTC')", "DateTime64(3, 'UTC')",
                        'FixedString(40)',
                        'LowCardinality(String)', 'Nullable(UInt16)', 'UInt8',
                        'LowCardinality(String)',
                        "DateTime64(3, 'UTC')",
                    ],
                },
            }

    def get_clickhouse_table(self) -> str:
        return "redb_apk_signature"