Omar Darwish

12 papers A 2Journal 8Unranked 2
YearRankTypeTitle / Venue / Authors
2025 J jnl
CoRR
Caleb Gates, Patrick Moorhead, Jayden Ferguson, Omar Darwish, Conner Stallman, Pablo Rivas, Paapa Quansah
2025 A conf
IROS
Taemoon Jeong, Taehyun Byun, Jihoon Kim, Keunjun Choi, Jaesung Oh, Sungpyo Lee, Omar Darwish, Joohyung Kim, Sungjoon Choi
2025 conf
MICCAI (13)
Shihan Qiu, Radu Miron, Yahang Li, Cornelius Eichner, Thorsten Feiweier, Nirmal Janardhanan, Bryan Clifford, Omar Darwish, Mahmoud Mostapha, Mariappan S. Nadar
2021 J jnl
ACM Trans. Algorithms
Omar Darwish, Amr Elmasry, Jyrki Katajainen
2020 conf
CinC
Ahmed Qureshi, Omar Darwish, Desmond Dillon-Murphy, Henry Chubb, Steven Williams, Dmitry Nechipurenko, Fazoil Ataullakhanov, David Nordsletten, Oleg V. Aslanidi, Adelaide de Vecchi
2019 J jnl
CoRR
Geoffroy Dubourg-Felonneau, Omar Darwish, Christopher Parsons, Dami Rebergen, John W. Cassidy, Nirmesh Patel, Harry W. Clifford
2019 J jnl
CoRR
Geoffroy Dubourg-Felonneau, Omar Darwish, Christopher Parsons, Dami Rebergen, John W. Cassidy, Nirmesh Patel, Harry W. Clifford
2016 J jnl
Inf. Process. Lett.
Omar Darwish, Kurt Mehlhorn
2015 J jnl
CoRR
Omar Darwish, Kurt Mehlhorn
2015 J jnl
CoRR
Omar Darwish, Amr Elmasry, Jyrki Katajainen
2014 A conf
ESA
Omar Darwish, Amr Elmasry
2012 J jnl
Netw. Protoc. Algorithms
Ahmad Abed Elellah Momani, Muneer O. Bani Yassein, Omar Darwish, Saher S. Manaseer, Wail Mardini
redb/extractors/apk_extractors/apk_permissions.py
← Index redb/extractors/apk_extractors/apk_permissions.py python
import inspect
from datetime import datetime, timezone
from typing import Any

from redb.extractors.enum import Tag
from redb.extractors.apk_extractor import APKExtractor
from redb.models.dataclasses import APKPermissions, APKPermission

# Known dangerous permissions (Android runtime permissions)
DANGEROUS_PERMISSIONS = {
    "android.permission.READ_CALENDAR",
    "android.permission.WRITE_CALENDAR",
    "android.permission.CAMERA",
    "android.permission.READ_CONTACTS",
    "android.permission.WRITE_CONTACTS",
    "android.permission.GET_ACCOUNTS",
    "android.permission.ACCESS_FINE_LOCATION",
    "android.permission.ACCESS_COARSE_LOCATION",
    "android.permission.ACCESS_BACKGROUND_LOCATION",
    "android.permission.RECORD_AUDIO",
    "android.permission.READ_PHONE_STATE",
    "android.permission.READ_PHONE_NUMBERS",
    "android.permission.CALL_PHONE",
    "android.permission.ANSWER_PHONE_CALLS",
    "android.permission.ADD_VOICEMAIL",
    "android.permission.USE_SIP",
    "android.permission.BODY_SENSORS",
    "android.permission.SEND_SMS",
    "android.permission.RECEIVE_SMS",
    "android.permission.READ_SMS",
    "android.permission.RECEIVE_WAP_PUSH",
    "android.permission.RECEIVE_MMS",
    "android.permission.READ_EXTERNAL_STORAGE",
    "android.permission.WRITE_EXTERNAL_STORAGE",
    "android.permission.READ_MEDIA_IMAGES",
    "android.permission.READ_MEDIA_VIDEO",
    "android.permission.READ_MEDIA_AUDIO",
    "android.permission.POST_NOTIFICATIONS",
    "android.permission.NEARBY_WIFI_DEVICES",
    "android.permission.ACTIVITY_RECOGNITION",
    "android.permission.BLUETOOTH_SCAN",
    "android.permission.BLUETOOTH_ADVERTISE",
    "android.permission.BLUETOOTH_CONNECT",
}


class APKPermissionsExtractor(APKExtractor):

    def __init__(
        self, filepath, log, exporters=None, index_prefix=None,
        known_benign=False, known_malicious=False,
        apk=None,
    ):
        super().__init__(
            filepath, log, exporters, index_prefix,
            known_benign, known_malicious, apk,
        )
        self.permissions_data = None
        self.log.debug(inspect.currentframe().f_code.co_name)

    def tag(self):
        return Tag.APK_PERMISSIONS.value

    def _get_protection_level(self, perm_name):
        """Determine the protection level of a permission.

        Uses androguard's permission mappings first, falls back to the
        known dangerous list.
        """
        try:
            from androguard.core.api_specific_resources import load_permission_mappings
            target_sdk = self.apk.get_target_sdk_version()
            sdk = int(target_sdk) if target_sdk else 30
            permission_map = load_permission_mappings(sdk)
            if perm_name in permission_map:
                info = permission_map[perm_name]
                if isinstance(info, dict):
                    return info.get("protectionLevel", "unknown")
                return "unknown"
        except Exception:
            pass

        # Fallback to known dangerous set
        if perm_name in DANGEROUS_PERMISSIONS:
            return "dangerous"
        if perm_name.startswith("android.permission."):
            return "normal"
        return "unknown"

    def _compute_permhash(self):
        """Compute permhash using the permhash library."""
        try:
            from permhash.functions import permhash_apk
            return permhash_apk(self.filepath)
        except Exception as e:
            self.log.warning(f"Failed to compute permhash: {e}")
            return None

    def _safe_extract(self, field_name, func, default=None):
        """Extract a single field, logging and returning default on failure."""
        try:
            return func()
        except Exception as e:
            self.log.warning(
                f"Error extracting APK permissions field '{field_name}' for "
                f"{self.hash.sha256}: {e}"
            )
            return default

    def extract(self):
        if not self._is_valid_apk():
            self.log.error(f"Invalid APK for {self.hash.sha256}")
            return None

        requested_perms = self._safe_extract(
            "requested_permissions",
            lambda: list(self.apk.get_permissions() or []), []
        )
        custom_perms = self._safe_extract(
            "custom_permissions",
            lambda: list(self.apk.get_declared_permissions() or []), []
        )
        custom_perm_set = set(custom_perms)

        permission_details = []
        dangerous_permissions = []

        for perm in requested_perms:
            try:
                protection_level = self._get_protection_level(perm)
                is_custom = perm in custom_perm_set

                permission_details.append(APKPermission(
                    permission_name=perm,
                    protection_level=protection_level,
                    is_custom=is_custom,
                ))

                if protection_level == "dangerous":
                    dangerous_permissions.append(perm)
            except Exception as e:
                self.log.warning(
                    f"Error processing permission '{perm}' for "
                    f"{self.hash.sha256}: {e}"
                )
                permission_details.append(APKPermission(
                    permission_name=perm,
                    protection_level="unknown",
                    is_custom=perm in custom_perm_set,
                ))

        permhash_value = self._compute_permhash()

        self.permissions_data = APKPermissions(
            total_permission_count=len(requested_perms),
            dangerous_permission_count=len(dangerous_permissions),
            permissions=requested_perms,
            dangerous_permissions=dangerous_permissions,
            custom_permissions=custom_perms,
            permission_details=permission_details,
            permhash=permhash_value,
        )
        return self.permissions_data

    def prepare_export_data(self, exporter_type: str) -> Any:
        if exporter_type == "ClickHouseExporter":
            if not self.permissions_data:
                return None

            current_time = datetime.now(timezone.utc)

            # One row per permission
            data = []
            for detail in self.permissions_data.permission_details:
                data.append([
                    self.sha256,
                    detail.permission_name,
                    detail.protection_level,
                    int(detail.is_custom),
                    current_time,
                ])

            if not data:
                return None

            column_names = [
                'sha256', 'permission_name', 'protection_level',
                'is_custom', 'analysis_date',
            ]

            column_type_names = [
                'FixedString(64)', 'String', 'LowCardinality(String)',
                'UInt8', "DateTime64(3, 'UTC')",
            ]

            return (data, column_names, column_type_names)

    def get_clickhouse_table(self) -> str:
        return "redb_apk_permissions"