Oleh Berezsky

29 papers C 9Misc 6Journal 6Unranked 8
YearRankTypeTitle / Venue / Authors
2025 J jnl
Comput.
Ivan Izonin, Roman Tkachenko, Nazarii Hovdysh, Oleh Berezsky, Kyrylo Yemets, Ivan Tsmots
2025 J jnl
Big Data Cogn. Comput.
Artem Kazarian, Vasyl Teslyuk, Oleh Berezsky, Oleh Pitsun
2024 conf
ISDMCI (2)
Oleh Berezsky, Grygoriy Melnyk, Petro Liashchynskyi, Oleh Pitsun
2024 J jnl
CoRR
Oleh Berezsky, Petro Liashchynskyi, Oleh Pitsun, Grygoriy Melnyk
2024 C conf
IDDM
Oleh Berezsky, Oleh Pitsun, Grygory Melnyk, Hanna Poperechna
2024 C conf
IDDM
Oleh Berezsky, Petro Liashchynskyi, Grygoriy Melnyk, Maksym Dombrovskyi, Mykola Berezkyy
2024 J jnl
Biomed. Signal Process. Control.
Oleh Berezsky, Petro Liashchynskyi, Oleh Pitsun, Ivan Izonin
2023 J jnl
J. Imaging
Oleh Berezsky, Oleh Pitsun, Grygoriy Melnyk, Tamara Datsko, Ivan Izonin, Bohdan Derysh
2023 Misc conf
CSIT
Ivan Izonin, Roman Tkachenko, Ostap Shcherbii, Oleh Berezsky, Iurii Krak, Maksym Oliinyk
2023 C conf
IDDM
Oleh Berezsky, Oleh Pitsun, Grygoriy Melnyk, Yuriy Batko, Petro Liashchynskyi, Mykola Berezkyy
2023 C conf
IDDM
Oleh Berezsky, Petro Liashchynskyi, Oleh Pitsun, Grygoriy Melnyk
2022 C conf
IDDM
Oleh Berezsky, Oleh Pitsun, Grygory Melnyk, Yuriy Batko, Bohdan Derysh, Petro Liashchynskyi
2022 C conf
IDDM
Oleh Berezsky, Petro Liashchynskyi, Oleh Pitsun, Pavlo Liashchynskyi, Mykola Berezkyy
2022 conf
ISDMCI
Oleh Berezsky, Oleh Pitsun, Petro Liashchynskyi, Bohdan Derysh, Natalia Batryn
2021 conf
CSIT (1)
Oleh Berezsky, Oleh Pitsun, Bohdan Derysh, Ihor Pazdriy, Grygory Melnyk, Yuriy Batko
2021 C conf
IDDM
Oleh Berezsky, Oleh Pitsun, Bohdan Derysh, Tamara Datsko, Kateryna Berezska, Nadiya Savka
2020 conf
ACIT
Oleh Berezsky, Oleh Pitsun, Bohdan Derysh, Kateryna Berezska, Grygory Melnyk, Yuriy Batko
2020 conf
CSIT (1)
Oleh Berezsky, Oleh Pitsun, Lesia Dubchak, Kateryna Berezka, Taras Dolynyuk, Bohdan Derish
2020 Misc conf
CSIT
Oleh Berezsky, Oleh Pitsun, Lesia Dubchak, Kateryna Berezska, Taras Dolynyuk, Bohdan Derish
2020 Misc conf
CSIT
Oleh Berezsky, Mykhailo Zarichnyi
2020 C conf
IDDM
Oleh Berezsky, Oleh Pitsun, Tamara Datsko, Bohdan Derysh, Ivan Tsmots, Vasyl Teslyuk
2019 C conf
IDDM
Oleh Berezsky, Oleh Pitsun, Taras Dolynyuk, Lesia Dubchak, Nadiya Savka, Grygoriy Melnyk, Vasyl Teslyuk
2018 conf
CSIT (1)
Oleh Berezsky, Sergiy Verbovyy, Oleh Pitsun
2018 conf
DSMP
Oleh Berezsky, Oleh Pitsun, Natalia Batryn, Kateryna Berezska, Nadiya Savka, Taras Dolynyuk
2016 conf
DSMP
Oleh Berezsky
2016 Misc conf
CSIT
Oleh Berezsky, Serhiy Verbovyy, Lesia Dubchak, Tamara Datsko
2016 Misc conf
CSIT
Ivan Tsmots, Oleh Berezsky, Ihor Ihnatiev, Iryna Gumovska
2016 Misc conf
CSIT
Oleh Berezsky, Grygoriy Melnyk, Yuriy Batko, Oleh Pitsun
2008 J jnl
Int. J. Comput.
Oleh Berezsky, Grigoriy Melnyk, Yuriy Batko
redb/extractors/apk_extractors/apk_signature.py
← Index redb/extractors/apk_extractors/apk_signature.py python
import hashlib
import inspect
from datetime import datetime, timezone
from typing import Any, Optional, Tuple

from redb.extractors.enum import Tag
from redb.extractors.apk_extractor import APKExtractor
from redb.models.dataclasses import APKCertificate, APKCodeSigningInfo


# OID to RFC 4514 short name mapping
_OID_SHORT_NAMES = {
    '2.5.4.3': 'CN', '2.5.4.6': 'C', '2.5.4.7': 'L', '2.5.4.8': 'ST',
    '2.5.4.10': 'O', '2.5.4.11': 'OU', '1.2.840.113549.1.9.1': 'E',
    '2.5.4.5': 'SERIALNUMBER', '2.5.4.12': 'T', '2.5.4.42': 'GN',
    '2.5.4.4': 'SN', '2.5.4.9': 'STREET', '2.5.4.17': 'POSTALCODE',
}


def _asn1_name_to_rfc4514(name):
    """Convert an asn1crypto x509.Name to RFC 4514 string (CN=..., O=...)."""
    parts = []
    for rdn in name.chosen:
        for attr in rdn:
            oid = attr['type'].dotted
            val = attr['value'].native
            short = _OID_SHORT_NAMES.get(oid, oid)
            parts.append(f'{short}={val}')
    return ', '.join(parts)


class APKSignatureExtractor(APKExtractor):

    def __init__(
        self, filepath, log, exporters=None, index_prefix=None,
        known_benign=False, known_malicious=False,
        apk=None,
    ):
        super().__init__(
            filepath, log, exporters, index_prefix,
            known_benign, known_malicious, apk,
        )
        self.signing_info = None
        self.log.debug(inspect.currentframe().f_code.co_name)

    def tag(self):
        return Tag.APK_SIGNATURE.value

    def _detect_signature_schemes(self):
        """Detect which APK signature schemes are present."""
        schemes = []
        try:
            if self.apk.is_signed_v1():
                schemes.append(1)
        except Exception:
            pass
        try:
            if self.apk.is_signed_v2():
                schemes.append(2)
        except Exception:
            pass
        try:
            if self.apk.is_signed_v3():
                schemes.append(3)
        except Exception:
            pass
        return schemes

    def _extract_certificate_info(self, cert, source_scheme=None):
        """Extract certificate details from an androguard certificate object."""
        try:
            # Subject and Issuer — asn1crypto doesn't have rfc4514_string, convert manually
            subject = _asn1_name_to_rfc4514(cert.subject)
            issuer = _asn1_name_to_rfc4514(cert.issuer)

            # Serial number
            serial = str(cert.serial_number)

            # Validity
            valid_from = cert.not_valid_before
            valid_to = cert.not_valid_after
            if isinstance(valid_from, datetime):
                valid_from = valid_from.strftime("%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S")
            else:
                valid_from = str(valid_from)
            if isinstance(valid_to, datetime):
                valid_to = valid_to.strftime("%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S")
            else:
                valid_to = str(valid_to)

            # Thumbprints
            cert_der = cert.dump()
            thumbprint_sha1 = hashlib.sha1(cert_der).hexdigest()
            thumbprint_sha256 = hashlib.sha256(cert_der).hexdigest()

            # Algorithm
            algorithm = None
            try:
                algorithm = cert.hash_algo
            except Exception:
                try:
                    algorithm = cert.signature_algo
                except Exception:
                    pass

            # Key size
            key_size = None
            try:
                pub_key = cert.public_key
                if hasattr(pub_key, 'bit_size'):
                    key_size = pub_key.bit_size
                elif hasattr(pub_key, 'key_size'):
                    key_size = pub_key.key_size
            except Exception:
                pass

            # Self-signed check
            is_self_signed = cert.subject == cert.issuer

            return APKCertificate(
                subject=subject,
                issuer=issuer,
                serial_number=serial,
                valid_from=valid_from,
                valid_to=valid_to,
                thumbprint_sha1=thumbprint_sha1,
                thumbprint_sha256=thumbprint_sha256,
                algorithm=algorithm,
                key_size=key_size,
                is_self_signed=is_self_signed,
                certificate_source_scheme=source_scheme,
            )
        except Exception as e:
            self.log.error(f"Error extracting certificate info: {e}")
            return None

    def _get_signer_certificate(self, schemes) -> Tuple[Optional[APKCertificate], Optional[str]]:
        """Identify the actual signer certificate using V3>V2>V1 priority.

        V2/V3: certificates[0] is the signer per spec.
        V1: androguard's get_certificate() does SignerInfo matching internally.

        Returns (signer_cert_info, source_scheme) or (None, None).
        """
        # V3 takes priority (Android 9+)
        if 3 in schemes:
            try:
                certs = self.apk.get_certificates_v3()
                if certs:
                    cert_info = self._extract_certificate_info(certs[0], source_scheme='v3')
                    if cert_info:
                        return cert_info, 'v3'
            except Exception as e:
                self.log.debug(f"V3 signer extraction failed: {e}")

        # V2 next (Android 7.0+)
        if 2 in schemes:
            try:
                certs = self.apk.get_certificates_v2()
                if certs:
                    cert_info = self._extract_certificate_info(certs[0], source_scheme='v2')
                    if cert_info:
                        return cert_info, 'v2'
            except Exception as e:
                self.log.debug(f"V2 signer extraction failed: {e}")

        # V1 fallback — androguard does SignerInfo.issuerAndSerialNumber matching
        if 1 in schemes:
            try:
                names = self.apk.get_signature_names()
                if names:
                    cert = self.apk.get_certificate(names[0])
                    if cert:
                        cert_info = self._extract_certificate_info(cert, source_scheme='v1')
                        if cert_info:
                            return cert_info, 'v1'
            except Exception as e:
                self.log.debug(f"V1 signer extraction failed: {e}")

        return None, None

    def _extract_all_certificates(self, schemes):
        """Extract all certificates with their source scheme tracked.

        Uses scheme-specific methods to preserve source information,
        deduplicating by thumbprint_sha1 and merging source schemes.
        """
        # cert thumbprint -> (APKCertificate, set of source schemes)
        seen = {}

        for scheme_num, method_name in [
            (3, 'get_certificates_v3'),
            (2, 'get_certificates_v2'),
            (1, 'get_certificates_v1'),
        ]:
            if scheme_num not in schemes:
                continue
            try:
                method = getattr(self.apk, method_name, None)
                if method is None:
                    continue
                certs = method()
                if not certs:
                    continue
                for cert in certs:
                    cert_info = self._extract_certificate_info(cert, source_scheme=f'v{scheme_num}')
                    if cert_info:
                        key = cert_info.thumbprint_sha1
                        if key in seen:
                            # Merge source schemes
                            existing_cert, existing_schemes = seen[key]
                            existing_schemes.add(f'v{scheme_num}')
                        else:
                            seen[key] = (cert_info, {f'v{scheme_num}'})
            except Exception as e:
                self.log.warning(f"Error extracting v{scheme_num} certificates: {e}")

        # Build final list with merged source schemes
        result = []
        for cert_info, source_schemes in seen.values():
            cert_info.certificate_source_scheme = ','.join(sorted(source_schemes))
            result.append(cert_info)

        return result

    def extract(self):
        if not self._is_valid_apk():
            self.log.error(f"Invalid APK for {self.hash.sha256}")
            return None

        schemes = self._detect_signature_schemes()
        is_signed = len(schemes) > 0

        # Extract all certificates with source scheme tracking
        certificates = self._extract_all_certificates(schemes)

        # Identify the actual signer using V3>V2>V1 priority
        signer_cert, signer_scheme = self._get_signer_certificate(schemes)

        apk_signer_subject = signer_cert.subject if signer_cert else None
        apk_signer_issuer = signer_cert.issuer if signer_cert else None

        self.signing_info = APKCodeSigningInfo(
            _id=self.sha256,
            is_signed=is_signed,
            signature_scheme_versions=schemes,
            number_of_certificates=len(certificates),
            x509_certificates=certificates if certificates else None,
            apk_signer_subject=apk_signer_subject,
            apk_signer_issuer=apk_signer_issuer,
        )
        return self.signing_info

    def prepare_export_data(self, exporter_type: str) -> Any:
        if exporter_type == "ClickHouseExporter":
            if not self.signing_info:
                return None

            current_time = datetime.now(timezone.utc)
            sig = self.signing_info

            # Signature summary table
            signature_data = [[
                self.sha256,
                int(sig.is_signed),
                sig.signature_scheme_versions,
                sig.number_of_certificates,
                sig.apk_signer_subject,
                sig.apk_signer_issuer,
                current_time,
            ]]

            # Certificates table (one row per certificate)
            certificates_data = []
            if sig.x509_certificates:
                for cert in sig.x509_certificates:
                    certificates_data.append([
                        self.sha256,
                        cert.subject,
                        cert.issuer,
                        cert.serial_number,
                        datetime.strptime(cert.valid_from, "%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S") if cert.valid_from else None,
                        datetime.strptime(cert.valid_to, "%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S") if cert.valid_to else None,
                        cert.thumbprint_sha1,
                        cert.algorithm,
                        cert.key_size,
                        int(cert.is_self_signed),
                        cert.certificate_source_scheme,
                        current_time,
                    ])

            return {
                'multi_table': True,
                'signature': {
                    'table': 'redb_apk_signature',
                    'data': signature_data,
                    'column_names': [
                        'sha256',
                        'is_signed', 'signature_scheme_versions',
                        'number_of_certificates',
                        'apk_signer_subject', 'apk_signer_issuer',
                        'analysis_date',
                    ],
                    'column_type_names': [
                        'FixedString(64)',
                        'UInt8', 'Array(UInt8)',
                        'UInt8',
                        'Nullable(String)', 'Nullable(String)',
                        "DateTime64(3, 'UTC')",
                    ],
                },
                'certificates': {
                    'table': 'redb_apk_certificates',
                    'data': certificates_data,
                    'column_names': [
                        'sha256', 'certificate_subject', 'certificate_issuer',
                        'certificate_serial_number',
                        'certificate_valid_from', 'certificate_valid_to',
                        'certificate_thumbprint',
                        'certificate_algorithm', 'key_size', 'is_self_signed',
                        'certificate_source_scheme',
                        'analysis_date',
                    ],
                    'column_type_names': [
                        'FixedString(64)', 'String', 'String', 'String',
                        "DateTime64(3, 'UTC')", "DateTime64(3, 'UTC')",
                        'FixedString(40)',
                        'LowCardinality(String)', 'Nullable(UInt16)', 'UInt8',
                        'LowCardinality(String)',
                        "DateTime64(3, 'UTC')",
                    ],
                },
            }

    def get_clickhouse_table(self) -> str:
        return "redb_apk_signature"