Nasser L. Azad

73 papers B 1C 11Journal 47Unranked 14
YearRankTypeTitle / Venue / Authors
2026 J jnl
IEEE Trans. Control. Syst. Technol.
Yasaman Masoudi, S. M. Mahdi Alavi, Nasser L. Azad
2025 J jnl
IEEE Trans. Veh. Technol.
Qitao Li, Changfu Gong, Jinming Xu, Nasser L. Azad, Yuan Lin
2025 J jnl
CoRR
Shuhao Bian, Milad Farsi, Nasser L. Azad, Chris Hobbs
2024 C conf
ICINCO (1)
Shuhao Bian, Milad Farsi, Nasser L. Azad, Chris Hobbs
2024 B conf
CEC
Sajjad Kazemi, Nasser L. Azad, Katharine Andrea Scott, Haroon B. Oqab, George B. Dietrich
2023 conf
ICINCO (1)
Milad Farsi, Shuhao Bian, Nasser L. Azad, Xiaobing Shi, Andrew Walenstein
2023 J jnl
CoRR
Milad Farsi, Shuhao Bian, Nasser L. Azad, Xiaobing Shi, Andrew Walenstein
2023 conf
ITSC
Jiaiq Liu, Nasser L. Azad, Ting Qu
2023 J jnl
IEEE Trans. Intell. Veh.
Sina Alighanbari, Nasser L. Azad
2022 J jnl
CoRR
Yuan Lin, John McPhee, Nasser L. Azad
2022 J jnl
IEEE Trans. Veh. Technol.
Yuan Lin, John McPhee, Nasser L. Azad
2022 conf
ITSC
Jinggang Zhang, Xinxin Zhao, Nasser L. Azad
2022 J jnl
IEEE Trans. Intell. Transp. Syst.
Abbas S. Milani, Hamid Khayyam, Hormoz Marzbani, William Melek, Nasser L. Azad, Reza N. Jazar
2021 J jnl
IEEE Trans. Intell. Veh.
Yuan Lin, John McPhee, Nasser L. Azad
2021 J jnl
IEEE Access
Sina Alighanbari, Nasser L. Azad
2020 C conf
IV
Yuan Lin, John McPhee, Nasser L. Azad
2020 conf
MED
Mohammad Hossein Basiri, Nasser L. Azad, Sebastian Fischmeister
2020 conf
CDC
Mohammad Hossein Basiri, Benyamin Ghojogh, Nasser L. Azad, Sebastian Fischmeister, Fakhri Karray, Mark Crowley
2020 J jnl
CoRR
Mohammad Hossein Basiri, Benyamin Ghojogh, Nasser L. Azad, Sebastian Fischmeister, Fakhri Karray, Mark Crowley
2020 conf
MED
Mohammad Hossein Basiri, Nasser L. Azad, Sebastian Fischmeister
2020 J jnl
IEEE Trans. Intell. Transp. Syst.
Sadegh Tajeddin, Sanaz Ekhtiari, Mohammad Reza Faieghi, Nasser L. Azad
2020 conf
CAVS
Sina Alighanbari, Nasser L. Azad
2019 J jnl
CoRR
Yuan Lin, John McPhee, Nasser L. Azad
2019 J jnl
CoRR
Yuan Lin, John McPhee, Nasser L. Azad
2019 C conf
IV
Sina Alighanbari, Nasser L. Azad
2019 conf
ITSC
Yuan Lin, John McPhee, Nasser L. Azad
2019 J jnl
CoRR
Yuan Lin, John McPhee, Nasser L. Azad
2019 J jnl
IEEE Access
Mohammad Hossein Basiri, Mohammad Pirani, Nasser L. Azad, Sebastian Fischmeister
2018 J jnl
IEEE Trans. Intell. Transp. Syst.
Bijan Sakhdari, Nasser L. Azad
2018 J jnl
IEEE Trans. Veh. Technol.
Bijan Sakhdari, Nasser L. Azad
2018 J jnl
CoRR
Bijan Sakhdari, Nasser L. Azad
2018 C conf
ACC
Mohit Batra, Anson Maitland, John McPhee, Nasser L. Azad
2017 J jnl
Appl. Intell.
Ahmad Mozaffari, Katharine Andrea Scott, Nasser L. Azad, Shoja'eddin Chenouri
2017 J jnl
Soft Comput.
Ahmad Mozaffari, Katharine Andrea Scott, Shoja'eddin Chenouri, Nasser L. Azad
2017 J jnl
Int. J. Mach. Learn. Cybern.
Nasser L. Azad, Ahmad Mozaffari, Alireza Fathi
2017 conf
ASCC
Mohit Batra, John McPhee, Nasser L. Azad
2017 J jnl
J. Exp. Theor. Artif. Intell.
Ahmad Mozaffari, Mahdi Emami, Nasser L. Azad, Alireza Fathi
2017 C conf
ACC
Sadegh Tajeddin, Nasser L. Azad
2017 J jnl
Int. J. Bio Inspired Comput.
Ahmad Mozaffari, Nasser L. Azad
2017 C conf
ACC
Yasaman Masoudi, Nasser L. Azad
2017 J jnl
IEEE Trans. Veh. Technol.
Parisa Golchoubian, Nasser L. Azad
2017 conf
ITSC
Bijan Sakhdari, Ebrahim Moradi Shahrivar, Nasser L. Azad
2017 C conf
ACC
Parisa Golchoubian, Nasser L. Azad, Kumaraswamy Ponnambalam
2016 J jnl
IEEE Trans. Veh. Technol.
Ahmad Mozaffari, Nasser L. Azad, J. Karl Hedrick
2016 J jnl
Neurocomputing
Nasser L. Azad, Ahmad Mozaffari, J. Karl Hedrick
2016 J jnl
Eng. Appl. Artif. Intell.
Ahmad Mozaffari, Nasser L. Azad, J. Karl Hedrick, Amir Taghavipour
2016 J jnl
Int. J. Comput. Math.
Mahdi Emami, Ahmad Mozaffari, Nasser L. Azad, Behrooz Rezaie
2016 C conf
ACC
Ahmad Mozaffari, Alireza Doosthoseini, Bijan Sakhdari, Mahyar Vajedi, Nasser L. Azad
2016 J jnl
Int. J. Comput. Appl. Technol.
Ahmad Mozaffari, Nasser L. Azad
2016 conf
ITSC
Bijan Sakhdari, Mahyar Vajedi, Nasser L. Azad
2016 J jnl
IEEE Trans. Intell. Transp. Syst.
Mahyar Vajedi, Nasser L. Azad
2016 J jnl
J. Exp. Theor. Artif. Intell.
Ahmad Mozaffari, Nasser L. Azad, Mahdi Emami, Alireza Fathi
2016 J jnl
Artif. Intell. Rev.
Ahmad Mozaffari, Nasser L. Azad
2015 J jnl
Int. J. Appl. Evol. Comput.
Ahmad Mozaffari, Mehdi Emami, Nasser L. Azad, Alireza Fathi
2015 J jnl
Int. J. Comput. Intell. Appl.
Ahmad Mozaffari, Nasser L. Azad
2015 J jnl
Neurocomputing
Ahmad Mozaffari, Mahyar Vajedi, Nasser L. Azad
2015 J jnl
Appl. Soft Comput.
Ahmad Mozaffari, Nasser L. Azad
2015 J jnl
Int. J. Intell. Comput. Cybern.
Ahmad Mozaffari, Nasser L. Azad, Alireza Fathi
2015 J jnl
J. Exp. Theor. Artif. Intell.
Ahmad Mozaffari, Nasser L. Azad
2015 conf
ECC
Amir Taghavipour, Nasser L. Azad, John McPhee
2015 J jnl
J. Exp. Theor. Artif. Intell.
Ahmad Mozaffari, Mahdi Emami, Nasser L. Azad, Alireza Fathi
2015 J jnl
J. Syst. Control. Eng.
Nasser L. Azad
2015 J jnl
Int. J. Intell. Comput. Cybern.
Ahmad Mozaffari, Nasser L. Azad, Alireza Fathi
2014 C conf
ACC
Mahyar Vajedi, Amir Taghavipour, Nasser L. Azad, John McPhee
2014 J jnl
Int. J. Bio Inspired Comput.
Ahmad Mozaffari, Maryyeh Chehresaz, Nasser L. Azad
2014 J jnl
Int. J. Math. Model. Numer. Optimisation
Ahmad Mozaffari, Nasser L. Azad
2014 J jnl
Int. J. Math. Model. Numer. Optimisation
Ahmad Mozaffari, Mahyar Vajedi, Nasser L. Azad
2014 J jnl
Neurocomputing
Ahmad Mozaffari, Nasser L. Azad
2013 J jnl
Int. J. Bio Inspired Comput.
Ahmad Mozaffari, Maryyeh Chehresaz, Nasser L. Azad
2012 conf
ITSC
C. Beg, Mahyar Vajedi, Mohammad-Reza Nezhad-Ahmadi, Nasser L. Azad, Safieddin Safavi-Naeini
2012 C conf
ACC
Reza Razavian, Nasser L. Azad, John McPhee
2012 C conf
ACC
Nasser L. Azad, Pannag R. Sanketi, J. Karl Hedrick
2011 conf
CDC/ECC
Naser Mehrabi, Nasser L. Azad, John McPhee
tests/unit/test_smali_normalization.py
← Index tests/unit/test_smali_normalization.py python
"""Unit tests for smali semantic normalization.

Tests the three normalization levels (category, opcode, opcode_api),
opcode categorization, ACFG feature index mapping, and integration
with MinHash computation.
"""
import pytest

pytestmark = [pytest.mark.unit, pytest.mark.apk, pytest.mark.decompile]


class TestCategorizeOpcode:
    """Tests for opcode -> semantic category mapping."""

    def test_arithmetic(self):
        from redb.extractors.decompiler.apk.smali_normalization import categorize_opcode
        assert categorize_opcode("add-int") == "ALU"
        assert categorize_opcode("mul-long/2addr") == "ALU"
        assert categorize_opcode("neg-int") == "ALU"

    def test_data_movement(self):
        from redb.extractors.decompiler.apk.smali_normalization import categorize_opcode
        assert categorize_opcode("move-result") == "MOV"
        assert categorize_opcode("const/4") == "CONST"
        assert categorize_opcode("const-string") == "CONST"

    def test_memory_access(self):
        from redb.extractors.decompiler.apk.smali_normalization import categorize_opcode
        assert categorize_opcode("iget-object") == "LOAD"
        assert categorize_opcode("sput-wide") == "STORE"
        assert categorize_opcode("aget-byte") == "LOAD"

    def test_invocation(self):
        from redb.extractors.decompiler.apk.smali_normalization import categorize_opcode
        assert categorize_opcode("invoke-virtual") == "CALL"
        assert categorize_opcode("invoke-static") == "CALL"
        assert categorize_opcode("invoke-direct") == "CALL"

    def test_control_flow(self):
        from redb.extractors.decompiler.apk.smali_normalization import categorize_opcode
        assert categorize_opcode("if-eqz") == "BRANCH"
        assert categorize_opcode("goto") == "JMP"
        assert categorize_opcode("goto/16") == "JMP"
        assert categorize_opcode("return-void") == "RET"

    def test_comparison(self):
        from redb.extractors.decompiler.apk.smali_normalization import categorize_opcode
        assert categorize_opcode("cmp-long") == "CMP"
        assert categorize_opcode("cmpl-float") == "CMP"
        assert categorize_opcode("cmpg-double") == "CMP"

    def test_conversion(self):
        from redb.extractors.decompiler.apk.smali_normalization import categorize_opcode
        assert categorize_opcode("int-to-long") == "CONV"
        assert categorize_opcode("float-to-int") == "CONV"

    def test_object_type(self):
        from redb.extractors.decompiler.apk.smali_normalization import categorize_opcode
        assert categorize_opcode("new-instance") == "ALLOC"
        assert categorize_opcode("check-cast") == "TYPE"
        assert categorize_opcode("instance-of") == "TYPE"

    def test_exception_sync(self):
        from redb.extractors.decompiler.apk.smali_normalization import categorize_opcode
        assert categorize_opcode("throw") == "EXC"
        assert categorize_opcode("monitor-enter") == "SYNC"

    def test_unknown(self):
        from redb.extractors.decompiler.apk.smali_normalization import categorize_opcode
        assert categorize_opcode("nop") == "OTHER"


class TestNormalizeInstruction:
    """Tests for single instruction normalization at various levels."""

    def test_category_level(self):
        from redb.extractors.decompiler.apk.smali_normalization import normalize_instruction
        assert normalize_instruction("add-int v0, v1, v2", "category") == "ALU"
        assert normalize_instruction("invoke-virtual {p0}, Lcom/Foo;->bar()V", "category") == "CALL"
        assert normalize_instruction("return-void", "category") == "RET"

    def test_opcode_level_strips_width(self):
        from redb.extractors.decompiler.apk.smali_normalization import normalize_instruction
        # Width variants collapse to same base
        assert normalize_instruction("add-int v0, v1, v2", "opcode") == "add"
        assert normalize_instruction("add-long v0, v2, v4", "opcode") == "add"
        assert normalize_instruction("add-float v0, v1, v2", "opcode") == "add"
        # Addressing modes collapse too
        assert normalize_instruction("add-int/2addr v0, v1", "opcode") == "add"

    def test_opcode_api_invoke(self):
        from redb.extractors.decompiler.apk.smali_normalization import normalize_instruction
        result = normalize_instruction(
            "invoke-virtual {p0, v0}, Lcom/example/Foo;->bar(I)V"
        )
        assert result == "CALL Lcom/example/Foo;->bar(I)V"

    def test_opcode_api_invoke_no_ref(self):
        from redb.extractors.decompiler.apk.smali_normalization import normalize_instruction
        # If somehow no method ref is found, fallback to CALL
        assert normalize_instruction("invoke-virtual {v0}") == "CALL"

    def test_opcode_api_field_load(self):
        from redb.extractors.decompiler.apk.smali_normalization import normalize_instruction
        result = normalize_instruction(
            "iget-object v0, p0, Lcom/Foo;->mField:Ljava/lang/String;"
        )
        assert result == "LOAD Lcom/Foo;->mField:Ljava/lang/String;"

    def test_opcode_api_field_store(self):
        from redb.extractors.decompiler.apk.smali_normalization import normalize_instruction
        result = normalize_instruction(
            "iput-object v0, p0, Lcom/Foo;->mField:Ljava/lang/String;"
        )
        assert result == "STORE Lcom/Foo;->mField:Ljava/lang/String;"

    def test_opcode_api_androguard_field_format(self):
        """androguard uses space instead of colon in field references."""
        from redb.extractors.decompiler.apk.smali_normalization import normalize_instruction
        result = normalize_instruction(
            "iget-object v0, p0, Lcom/Foo;->mField Ljava/lang/String;"
        )
        assert result.startswith("LOAD")
        assert "Lcom/Foo;->mField" in result

    def test_opcode_api_new_instance(self):
        from redb.extractors.decompiler.apk.smali_normalization import normalize_instruction
        result = normalize_instruction(
            "new-instance v0, Lcom/example/MyClass;"
        )
        assert result == "ALLOC Lcom/example/MyClass;"

    def test_opcode_api_const_string(self):
        from redb.extractors.decompiler.apk.smali_normalization import normalize_instruction
        result = normalize_instruction(
            'const-string v0, "hello world"'
        )
        assert result == 'CONST_STR "hello world"'

    def test_opcode_api_const_string_jumbo(self):
        from redb.extractors.decompiler.apk.smali_normalization import normalize_instruction
        result = normalize_instruction(
            'const-string/jumbo v0, "large string"'
        )
        assert result == 'CONST_STR "large string"'

    def test_opcode_api_fallback_to_category(self):
        from redb.extractors.decompiler.apk.smali_normalization import normalize_instruction
        # Non-special instructions fall back to category
        assert normalize_instruction("add-int v0, v1, v2") == "ALU"
        assert normalize_instruction("return-void") == "RET"
        assert normalize_instruction("nop") == "OTHER"

    def test_empty_input(self):
        from redb.extractors.decompiler.apk.smali_normalization import normalize_instruction
        assert normalize_instruction("") == ""
        assert normalize_instruction("   ") == ""


class TestNormalizeMethodBody:
    """Tests for full method body normalization."""

    def test_filters_directives_labels_comments(self):
        from redb.extractors.decompiler.apk.smali_normalization import normalize_method_body
        body = """\
.locals 2
# comment
:label_0
add-int v0, v1, v2
.line 42
invoke-virtual {p0}, Lcom/Foo;->bar()V
return-void
"""
        result = normalize_method_body(body, "category")
        assert result == ["ALU", "CALL", "RET"]

    def test_opcode_api_preserves_api_refs(self):
        from redb.extractors.decompiler.apk.smali_normalization import normalize_method_body
        body = """\
const/4 v0, 0x0
invoke-virtual {p0, v0}, Lcom/Foo;->setX(I)V
iget-object v1, p0, Lcom/Foo;->name:Ljava/lang/String;
return-void
"""
        result = normalize_method_body(body, "opcode_api")
        assert result[0] == "CONST"
        assert result[1] == "CALL Lcom/Foo;->setX(I)V"
        assert result[2] == "LOAD Lcom/Foo;->name:Ljava/lang/String;"
        assert result[3] == "RET"

    def test_empty_body(self):
        from redb.extractors.decompiler.apk.smali_normalization import normalize_method_body
        assert normalize_method_body("") == []
        assert normalize_method_body("\n\n") == []


class TestNormalizationWithMinHash:
    """Integration tests: normalization + MinHash computation."""

    def test_minhash_returns_signature(self):
        from redb.extractors.decompiler.apk.method_extractor import compute_minhash
        body = """\
const/4 v0, 0x0
invoke-virtual {p0, v0}, Lcom/Foo;->bar(I)V
iget-object v1, p0, Lcom/Foo;->name:Ljava/lang/String;
add-int v2, v0, v1
return-void
"""
        sig = compute_minhash(body)
        assert sig is not None
        assert len(sig) == 64
        assert all(0 <= v < 256 for v in sig)

    def test_minhash_register_invariance(self):
        """Same operations with different registers should produce identical signatures."""
        from redb.extractors.decompiler.apk.method_extractor import compute_minhash
        body_a = """\
const/4 v0, 0x0
invoke-virtual {p0, v0}, Lcom/Foo;->bar(I)V
iget-object v1, p0, Lcom/Foo;->name:Ljava/lang/String;
add-int v2, v0, v1
return-void
"""
        body_b = """\
const/4 v3, 0x0
invoke-virtual {p1, v3}, Lcom/Foo;->bar(I)V
iget-object v4, p1, Lcom/Foo;->name:Ljava/lang/String;
add-int v5, v3, v4
return-void
"""
        sig_a = compute_minhash(body_a)
        sig_b = compute_minhash(body_b)
        assert sig_a == sig_b

    def test_minhash_width_invariance(self):
        """Width variants of same operations should produce identical signatures."""
        from redb.extractors.decompiler.apk.method_extractor import compute_minhash
        body_int = """\
add-int v0, v1, v2
sub-int v3, v0, v1
mul-int v4, v0, v3
return v4
"""
        body_long = """\
add-long v0, v2, v4
sub-long v6, v0, v2
mul-long v8, v0, v6
return-wide v8
"""
        sig_int = compute_minhash(body_int)
        sig_long = compute_minhash(body_long)
        # Both normalize to ALU, ALU, ALU, RET -> identical
        assert sig_int == sig_long

    def test_minhash_different_apis_differ(self):
        """Methods calling different APIs should produce different signatures."""
        from redb.extractors.decompiler.apk.method_extractor import compute_minhash
        body_a = """\
const/4 v0, 0x0
invoke-virtual {p0, v0}, Lcom/crypto/AES;->encrypt([B)[B
invoke-virtual {v0}, Ljava/io/OutputStream;->write([B)V
return-void
"""
        body_b = """\
const/4 v0, 0x0
invoke-virtual {p0, v0}, Ljava/lang/String;->length()I
invoke-virtual {v0}, Ljava/io/PrintStream;->println(I)V
return-void
"""
        sig_a = compute_minhash(body_a)
        sig_b = compute_minhash(body_b)
        assert sig_a != sig_b

    def test_minhash_too_few_instructions(self):
        from redb.extractors.decompiler.apk.method_extractor import compute_minhash
        assert compute_minhash("return-void\nnop") is None


class TestACFGBlockFeatures:
    """Tests for per-block ACFG feature extraction via smali_cfg."""

    def test_simple_linear_method(self):
        from redb.extractors.decompiler.apk.smali_cfg import compute_cfg_metrics
        body = """\
add-int v0, v1, v2
invoke-virtual {p0}, Lcom/Foo;->bar()V
return-void
"""
        metrics = compute_cfg_metrics(body)
        assert metrics.block_count >= 1
        assert len(metrics.block_features) == metrics.block_count
        # Each feature vector has 8 elements
        for feat in metrics.block_features:
            assert len(feat) == 8

    def test_branching_method_has_multiple_blocks(self):
        from redb.extractors.decompiler.apk.smali_cfg import compute_cfg_metrics
        body = """\
const/4 v0, 0x0
if-eqz v0, :cond_0
invoke-virtual {p0}, Lcom/Foo;->a()V
goto :goto_0
:cond_0
invoke-virtual {p0}, Lcom/Foo;->b()V
:goto_0
return-void
"""
        metrics = compute_cfg_metrics(body)
        assert metrics.block_count >= 3
        assert len(metrics.block_features) == metrics.block_count

    def test_feature_vector_arithmetic_count(self):
        from redb.extractors.decompiler.apk.smali_cfg import compute_cfg_metrics
        body = """\
add-int v0, v1, v2
sub-int v3, v0, v1
mul-int v4, v0, v3
return v4
"""
        metrics = compute_cfg_metrics(body)
        assert len(metrics.block_features) == 1
        feat = metrics.block_features[0]
        # feat[0] = instr_count (4), feat[1] = arithmetic (3)
        assert feat[0] == 4
        assert feat[1] >= 3  # 3 ALU ops

    def test_feature_vector_call_count(self):
        from redb.extractors.decompiler.apk.smali_cfg import compute_cfg_metrics
        body = """\
invoke-virtual {p0}, Lcom/A;->a()V
invoke-static {v0}, Lcom/B;->b()V
return-void
"""
        metrics = compute_cfg_metrics(body)
        feat = metrics.block_features[0]
        # feat[4] = call count
        assert feat[4] == 2