Naoki Kobayashi

25 papers C 1Journal 2Unranked 22
YearRankTypeTitle / Venue / Authors
2023 conf
Digital and Computational Pathology
Tanwi Biswas, Hiroyuki Suzuki, Masahiro Ishikawa, Naoki Kobayashi, Takashi Obi
2023 conf
EMBC
Naoki Kobayashi, Miku Yamazaki, Reno Mizutani
2022 conf
LifeTech
Naoki Kobayashi, Masahiro Ishikawa, Keitaro Ohba
2021 conf
LifeTech
Naoki Kobayashi, Aoi Yoshino, Masahiro Ishikawa, Satoki Homma
2021 conf
EMBC
Eleni Aloupogianni, Masahiro Ishikawa, Takaya Ichimura, Atsushi Sasaki, Naoki Kobayashi, Takashi Obi
2021 conf
Digital Pathology
Eleni Aloupogianni, Hiroyuki Suzuki, Takaya Ichimura, Atsushi Sasaki, Hiroto Yanagisawa, Tetsuya Tsuchida, Masahiro Ishikawa, Naoki Kobayashi, Takashi Obi
2020 conf
LifeTech
Naoki Kobayashi, Masahiro Ishikawa, Hinako Okazaki, Satoki Homma
2020 conf
EMBC
Naoki Kobayashi, Hiroyuki Suzuki, Masahiro Ishikawa, Takashi Obi, Takaya Ichimura, Hiroto Yanagisawa, Tetsuya Tsuchida, Atsushi Sasaki
2019 conf
LifeTech
Naoki Kobayashi, Satoki Homma
2019 conf
EMBC
Lina Septiana, Hiroyuki Suzuki, Masahiro Ishikawa, Takashi Obi, Naoki Kobayashi, Nagaaki Ohyama, Erning Wihardjo, Dini Andiani
2019 conf
LifeTech
Hideki Komagata, Taiki Hattori, Ryunosuke Ohshima, Erika Kakinuma, Masahiro Ishikawa, Kazuma Shinoda, Naoki Kobayashi
2019 conf
GCCE
Naoki Kobayashi, Hiroki Kiyozumi, Taichi Ezaki, Keitaro Ohba, Masahiro Ishikawa
2019 J jnl
Sensors
Hideki Komagata, Erika Kakinuma, Masahiro Ishikawa, Kazuma Shinoda, Naoki Kobayashi
2018 conf
GCCE
Naoki Kobayashi, Hirotaka Yamashita, Ayumi Matsuura, Masahiro Ishikawa
2017 conf
Digital Pathology
Masahiro Ishikawa, Sumire Watanabe, Natsuki Honda, Naoki Kobayashi, Tokiya Abe, Akinori Hashiguchi, Michiie Sakamoto
2017 conf
GCCE
Naoki Kobayashi, Ayumi Matsuura, Masahiro Ishikawa, Tetsuya Miyashita
2017 conf
Digital Pathology
Emi Hashimoto, Masahiro Ishikawa, Kazuma Shinoda, Madoka Hasegawa, Hideki Komagata, Naoki Kobayashi, Naoki Mochidome, Yoshinao Oda, Chika Iwamoto, Kenoki Ohuchida, Makoto Hashizume
2016 C conf
ICISP
Shu Ogawa, Kazuma Shinoda, Madoka Hasegawa, Shigeo Kato, Masahiro Ishikawa, Hideki Komagata, Naoki Kobayashi
2016 conf
Image Processing: Algorithms and Systems
Yudai Yanagi, Kazuma Shinoda, Madoka Hasegawa, Shigeo Kato, Masahiro Ishikawa, Hideki Komagata, Naoki Kobayashi
2015 J jnl
IEICE Trans. Fundam. Electron. Commun. Comput. Sci.
Kazuma Shinoda, Naoki Kobayashi, Ayako Katoh, Hideki Komagata, Masahiro Ishikawa, Yuri Murakami, Masahiro Yamaguchi, Tokiya Abe, Akinori Hashiguchi, Michiie Sakamoto
2015 conf
Digital Pathology
Masahiro Ishikawa, Naoki Kobayashi, Hideki Komagata, Kazuma Shinoda, Masahiro Yamaguchi, Tokiya Abe, Akinori Hashiguchi, Michiie Sakamoto
2015 conf
GCCE
Naoki Kobayashi, Hiroki Yamazaki, Masahiro Ishikawa, Yutetsu Momose
2015 conf
APSIPA
Kazuma Shinoda, Shu Ogawa, Yudai Yanagi, Madoka Hasegawa, Shigeo Kato, Masahiro Ishikawa, Hideki Komagata, Naoki Kobayashi
2015 conf
EMBC
Naoki Kobayashi, Ryo Iinuma, Yuta Suzuki, Tetsuya Shimada, Masahiro Ishikawa
2013 conf
Digital Pathology
Hideki Komagata, Naoki Kobayashi, Ayako Katoh, Yasuka Ohnuki, Masahiro Ishikawa, Kazuma Shinoda, Masahiro Yamaguchi, Tokiya Abe, Akinori Hashiguchi, Michiie Sakamoto
tests/unit/test_apk_strings_ioc.py
← Index tests/unit/test_apk_strings_ioc.py python
"""Tests for APK string extraction and IOC extraction integration.

Covers:
- APKCodeAnalyzer._extract_strings() — string extraction from DEX objects
- APKCodeAnalyzer._string_entropy() — Shannon entropy computation
- DecompileAPK strings export table schema
- IOCExtractorFromResults with APK-format analysis_results
- Worker IOC wiring for APK
"""
import os
import tempfile
from dataclasses import asdict
from unittest.mock import MagicMock, patch

import pytest

from redb.extractors.ioc_extractor.ioc_extractor import IOCExtractorFromResults
from redb.extractors.ioc_extractor.standalone_ioc_extractor import (
    IOCType,
    SourceType,
)

pytestmark = [pytest.mark.unit, pytest.mark.apk]


# ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
# Helpers
# ---------------------------------------------------------------------------

def _make_analyzer(min_instructions=1):
    """Create an APKCodeAnalyzer with mocked dependencies."""
    with patch(
        "redb.extractors.decompiler.apk.analyzer.JADXDecompiler"
    ), patch(
        "redb.extractors.decompiler.apk.analyzer.ApktoolDisassembler"
    ):
        from redb.extractors.decompiler.apk.analyzer import APKCodeAnalyzer
        analyzer = APKCodeAnalyzer("/fake/path.apk")
        analyzer.min_instructions = min_instructions
        return analyzer


def _make_mock_dex(strings):
    """Create a mock DEX object that returns the given strings."""
    dex = MagicMock()
    dex.get_strings.return_value = strings
    return dex


def _create_fake_apk_file():
    """Create a temporary file to act as a fake APK."""
    fd, path = tempfile.mkstemp(suffix=".apk")
    os.write(fd, b"PK\x03\x04fake apk content for hashing")
    os.close(fd)
    return path


# ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
# Tests: _string_entropy
# ---------------------------------------------------------------------------

class TestStringEntropy:
    """Tests for Shannon entropy computation."""

    def test_empty_string(self):
        analyzer = _make_analyzer()
        assert analyzer._string_entropy("") == 0.0

    def test_single_char(self):
        analyzer = _make_analyzer()
        assert analyzer._string_entropy("a") == 0.0

    def test_repeated_char(self):
        analyzer = _make_analyzer()
        assert analyzer._string_entropy("aaaa") == 0.0

    def test_two_equal_chars(self):
        analyzer = _make_analyzer()
        # "ab" -> entropy = 1.0
        assert abs(analyzer._string_entropy("ab") - 1.0) < 0.01

    def test_higher_entropy(self):
        analyzer = _make_analyzer()
        # More variety = higher entropy
        low = analyzer._string_entropy("aabb")
        high = analyzer._string_entropy("abcd")
        assert high > low

    def test_url_string_entropy(self):
        analyzer = _make_analyzer()
        entropy = analyzer._string_entropy("https://evil.com/payload")
        assert entropy > 2.0  # URLs have moderate entropy


# ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
# Tests: _extract_strings
# ---------------------------------------------------------------------------

class TestExtractStrings:
    """Tests for DEX string extraction."""

    def test_basic_extraction(self):
        analyzer = _make_analyzer()
        dex = _make_mock_dex(["hello", "world"])
        result = analyzer._extract_strings([dex])

        assert len(result) == 2
        assert result[0]["string"] == "hello"
        assert result[1]["string"] == "world"

    def test_string_fields_present(self):
        analyzer = _make_analyzer()
        dex = _make_mock_dex(["test_string"])
        result = analyzer._extract_strings([dex])

        entry = result[0]
        assert "string" in entry
        assert "string_encoding" in entry
        assert "string_offset" in entry
        assert "string_length" in entry
        assert "string_entropy" in entry
        assert entry["string_encoding"] == "UTF8"
        assert entry["string_length"] == len("test_string")

    def test_deduplication_across_dex(self):
        """Same string in multiple DEX files is only extracted once."""
        analyzer = _make_analyzer()
        dex1 = _make_mock_dex(["shared", "unique1"])
        dex2 = _make_mock_dex(["shared", "unique2"])
        result = analyzer._extract_strings([dex1, dex2])

        string_values = [s["string"] for s in result]
        assert string_values.count("shared") == 1
        assert "unique1" in string_values
        assert "unique2" in string_values
        assert len(result) == 3

    def test_empty_strings_filtered(self):
        analyzer = _make_analyzer()
        dex = _make_mock_dex(["", "valid", None, "also_valid"])
        result = analyzer._extract_strings([dex])

        string_values = [s["string"] for s in result]
        assert "" not in string_values
        assert None not in string_values
        assert "valid" in string_values
        assert "also_valid" in string_values

    def test_no_dex_files(self):
        analyzer = _make_analyzer()
        result = analyzer._extract_strings([])
        assert result == []

    def test_dex_get_strings_returns_none(self):
        analyzer = _make_analyzer()
        dex = MagicMock()
        dex.get_strings.return_value = None
        result = analyzer._extract_strings([dex])
        assert result == []

    def test_dex_get_strings_exception(self):
        analyzer = _make_analyzer()
        dex = MagicMock()
        dex.get_strings.side_effect = RuntimeError("corrupt DEX")
        result = analyzer._extract_strings([dex])
        assert result == []

    def test_entropy_computed(self):
        analyzer = _make_analyzer()
        dex = _make_mock_dex(["abcdefgh"])
        result = analyzer._extract_strings([dex])
        assert result[0]["string_entropy"] > 0.0

    def test_incremental_offsets(self):
        """String offsets are incremented sequentially."""
        analyzer = _make_analyzer()
        dex = _make_mock_dex(["a", "b", "c"])
        result = analyzer._extract_strings([dex])

        offsets = [s["string_offset"] for s in result]
        assert offsets == [0, 1, 2]

    def test_url_strings_preserved(self):
        """URL strings are extracted without modification."""
        analyzer = _make_analyzer()
        dex = _make_mock_dex([
            "https://evil.com/payload",
            "http://c2.malware.org/gate",
        ])
        result = analyzer._extract_strings([dex])
        strings = [s["string"] for s in result]
        assert "https://evil.com/payload" in strings
        assert "http://c2.malware.org/gate" in strings


# ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
# Tests: strings in extract() integration
# ---------------------------------------------------------------------------

class TestExtractStringsIntegration:
    """Tests that strings are included in extract() results."""

    @patch("redb.extractors.decompiler.apk.analyzer.APKCodeAnalyzer._run_androguard")
    @patch("redb.extractors.decompiler.apk.analyzer.ApktoolDisassembler")
    @patch("redb.extractors.decompiler.apk.analyzer.JADXDecompiler")
    def test_extract_includes_strings(self, mock_jadx, mock_apktool, mock_androguard):
        from redb.extractors.decompiler.apk.analyzer import APKCodeAnalyzer

        mock_dex = _make_mock_dex(["hello", "world"])
        mock_analysis = MagicMock()
        mock_analysis.get_methods.return_value = []
        mock_androguard.return_value = (MagicMock(), [mock_dex], mock_analysis)

        analyzer = APKCodeAnalyzer("/fake/path.apk", log=MagicMock())
        results = analyzer.extract()

        assert "strings" in results
        assert len(results["strings"]) == 2
        assert results["strings"][0]["string"] == "hello"
        analyzer.cleanup()

    @patch("redb.extractors.decompiler.apk.analyzer.APKCodeAnalyzer._run_androguard")
    @patch("redb.extractors.decompiler.apk.analyzer.ApktoolDisassembler")
    @patch("redb.extractors.decompiler.apk.analyzer.JADXDecompiler")
    def test_extract_strings_error_is_non_fatal(self, mock_jadx, mock_apktool, mock_androguard):
        from redb.extractors.decompiler.apk.analyzer import APKCodeAnalyzer

        # Return a bad dex list that will cause _extract_strings to fail
        mock_analysis = MagicMock()
        mock_analysis.get_methods.return_value = []
        # dexs is not iterable — triggers the except block
        mock_androguard.return_value = (MagicMock(), 42, mock_analysis)

        analyzer = APKCodeAnalyzer("/fake/path.apk", log=MagicMock())
        results = analyzer.extract()

        # Should not crash, strings should be empty, error recorded
        assert results["strings"] == []
        assert any(
            e.get("error_location") == "strings"
            for e in results["analysis_errors"]
        )
        analyzer.cleanup()


# ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
# Tests: DecompileAPK strings export table
# ---------------------------------------------------------------------------

class TestDecompileAPKStringsExport:
    """Tests for strings table in DecompileAPK.prepare_export_data()."""

    def _make_extractor_with_strings(self, strings_data):
        from redb.extractors.decompiler.DecompileAPK import DecompileAPK
        apk_path = _create_fake_apk_file()
        ext = DecompileAPK(apk_path, MagicMock())
        ext.analysis_results = {
            "sha256": "a" * 64,
            "sha1": "b" * 40,
            "md5": "c" * 32,
            "decompiled_content": [],
            "decompiled_refs": [],
            "smali_content": [],
            "smali_refs": [],
            "similarity_metrics": [],
            "strings": strings_data,
            "analysis_errors": [],
        }
        return ext, apk_path

    def test_strings_table_present(self):
        ext, path = self._make_extractor_with_strings([
            {"string": "hello", "string_encoding": "UTF8",
             "string_offset": 0, "string_length": 5, "string_entropy": 2.32}
        ])
        try:
            export = ext.prepare_export_data("ClickHouseExporter")
            assert "strings_raw" in export
        finally:
            os.unlink(path)

    def test_strings_table_schema(self):
        ext, path = self._make_extractor_with_strings([
            {"string": "hello", "string_encoding": "UTF8",
             "string_offset": 0, "string_length": 5, "string_entropy": 2.32}
        ])
        try:
            export = ext.prepare_export_data("ClickHouseExporter")
            sr = export["strings_raw"]
            assert sr["table"] == "code_binja_strings_raw"
            assert len(sr["column_names"]) == 8
            assert len(sr["column_type_names"]) == 8
            assert "sha256" in sr["column_names"]
            assert "string" in sr["column_names"]
            assert "string_raw" in sr["column_names"]
            assert "string_encoding" in sr["column_names"]
            assert "string_offset" in sr["column_names"]
            assert "string_length" in sr["column_names"]
            assert "string_raw_length" in sr["column_names"]
            assert "string_entropy" in sr["column_names"]
            assert len(sr["data"]) == 1
            assert len(sr["data"][0]) == 8
        finally:
            os.unlink(path)

    def test_strings_sha256_propagated(self):
        ext, path = self._make_extractor_with_strings([
            {"string": "test", "string_encoding": "UTF8",
             "string_offset": 0, "string_length": 4, "string_entropy": 2.0}
        ])
        try:
            export = ext.prepare_export_data("ClickHouseExporter")
            row = export["strings_raw"]["data"][0]
            assert row[0] == "a" * 64  # sha256 is first column
        finally:
            os.unlink(path)

    def test_empty_strings_not_exported(self):
        ext, path = self._make_extractor_with_strings([])
        try:
            export = ext.prepare_export_data("ClickHouseExporter")
            assert "strings_raw" not in export
        finally:
            os.unlink(path)


# ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
# Tests: IOCExtractorFromResults with APK format
# ---------------------------------------------------------------------------

class TestIOCExtractorAPKFormat:
    """Tests that IOCExtractorFromResults handles APK analysis_results."""

    def setup_method(self):
        self.log = MagicMock()

    def test_extract_iocs_from_apk_strings(self):
        """IOCs extracted from APK strings (same format as Binja)."""
        results = {
            "strings": [
                {"string": "https://evil.com/payload", "string_offset": 0},
                {"string": "Contact [email protected]", "string_offset": 1},
            ],
            "decompiled": [],
            "decompiled_content": [],
        }
        extractor = IOCExtractorFromResults(results, sha256="a" * 64, log=self.log)
        iocs = extractor.extract()

        url_iocs = [i for i in iocs if i.ioc_type == IOCType.URL]
        assert len(url_iocs) >= 1
        assert any("evil.com" in i.ioc_value for i in url_iocs)

    def test_extract_iocs_from_apk_decompiled_content(self):
        """IOCs extracted from APK's decompiled_content key."""
        results = {
            "strings": [],
            "decompiled": [],  # Binja format — empty
            "decompiled_content": [  # APK format
                {
                    "decompiled_method": "connect('https://c2.malware.org/gate');",
                    "decompiled_method_hash": "hash123",
                    "method_type": "USER",
                }
            ],
        }
        extractor = IOCExtractorFromResults(results, sha256="a" * 64, log=self.log)
        iocs = extractor.extract()

        url_iocs = [i for i in iocs if i.ioc_type == IOCType.URL]
        assert len(url_iocs) >= 1

    def test_apk_library_methods_skipped(self):
        """LIBRARY methods in decompiled_content are skipped."""
        results = {
            "strings": [],
            "decompiled": [],
            "decompiled_content": [
                {
                    "decompiled_method": "https://should-skip.com",
                    "decompiled_method_hash": "lib_hash",
                    "method_type": "LIBRARY",
                }
            ],
        }
        extractor = IOCExtractorFromResults(results, sha256="a" * 64, log=self.log)
        iocs = extractor.extract()
        assert len(iocs) == 0

    def test_combined_binja_and_apk_sources(self):
        """Both Binja and APK format decompiled entries are processed."""
        results = {
            "strings": [],
            "decompiled": [
                {
                    "decompiled_function": "call('https://binja.example.com');",
                    "decompiled_function_hash": "binja_hash",
                    "function_type": "USER",
                }
            ],
            "decompiled_content": [
                {
                    "decompiled_method": "send('https://apk.example.com');",
                    "decompiled_method_hash": "apk_hash",
                    "method_type": "USER",
                }
            ],
        }
        extractor = IOCExtractorFromResults(results, sha256="a" * 64, log=self.log)
        iocs = extractor.extract()

        url_iocs = [i for i in iocs if i.ioc_type == IOCType.URL]
        urls = [i.ioc_value for i in url_iocs]
        assert any("binja.example.com" in u for u in urls)
        assert any("apk.example.com" in u for u in urls)

    def test_apk_results_only(self):
        """Works when only APK keys are present (no 'decompiled' key)."""
        results = {
            "strings": [
                {"string": "https://evil.com", "string_offset": 0},
            ],
            "decompiled_content": [
                {
                    "decompiled_method": "x = 1",
                    "decompiled_method_hash": "h",
                    "method_type": "USER",
                }
            ],
        }
        extractor = IOCExtractorFromResults(results, sha256="a" * 64, log=self.log)
        iocs = extractor.extract()
        # Should not crash, and should find URL from strings
        url_iocs = [i for i in iocs if i.ioc_type == IOCType.URL]
        assert len(url_iocs) >= 1

    def test_source_type_is_string_for_strings(self):
        results = {
            "strings": [
                {"string": "https://evil.com/test", "string_offset": 42},
            ],
            "decompiled_content": [],
        }
        extractor = IOCExtractorFromResults(results, sha256="a" * 64, log=self.log)
        iocs = extractor.extract()
        url_iocs = [i for i in iocs if i.ioc_type == IOCType.URL]
        assert url_iocs[0].source_type == SourceType.STRING
        assert url_iocs[0].source_identifier == "42"

    def test_source_type_is_decompiled_for_methods(self):
        results = {
            "strings": [],
            "decompiled_content": [
                {
                    "decompiled_method": "https://evil.com/method",
                    "decompiled_method_hash": "myhash",
                    "method_type": "USER",
                }
            ],
        }
        extractor = IOCExtractorFromResults(results, sha256="a" * 64, log=self.log)
        iocs = extractor.extract()
        url_iocs = [i for i in iocs if i.ioc_type == IOCType.URL]
        assert url_iocs[0].source_type == SourceType.DECOMPILED_FUNCTION
        assert url_iocs[0].source_identifier == "myhash"


# ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
# Tests: Worker IOC wiring for APK
# ---------------------------------------------------------------------------

class TestWorkerAPKIOCWiring:
    """Tests that workers.py wires IOC extraction for APK."""

    def test_worker_source_contains_ioc_for_apk(self):
        """Verify workers.py source has IOC extraction in APK branch."""
        import inspect
        from redb import workers
        source = inspect.getsource(workers)
        # APK branch should import IOCExtractorFromResults
        assert "IOCExtractorFromResults" in source
        # Should be in the APK section (near DecompileAPK)
        apk_section = source[source.index("DecompileAPK("):]
        ioc_pos = apk_section.find("IOCExtractorFromResults")
        assert ioc_pos != -1, "IOCExtractorFromResults not found after DecompileAPK"