Nana Yaw Asabere

32 papers Journal 26Unranked 6
YearRankTypeTitle / Venue / Authors
2025 J jnl
Eng. Appl. Artif. Intell.
Samuel Akwasi Agyemang, Haobin Shi, Xuan Nie, Nana Yaw Asabere
2022 J jnl
Int. J. Online Pedagog. Course Des.
Nana Yaw Asabere, Gerald Elorm Gbagbe, Eyram Akofa Tawia, Joshua Etse Amegashie, Daniel Awuley Ayin
2022 J jnl
Int. J. Decis. Support Syst. Technol.
Nana Yaw Asabere, Elikem Fiamavle, Joseph Agyiri, Wisdom Kwawu Torgby, Joseph Eyram Dzata, Nina Pearl Doe
2021 J jnl
Int. J. Virtual Pers. Learn. Environ.
Nana Yaw Asabere, Joseph Agyiri, Richard Tenkorang, Anita Darkwah
2021 J jnl
Int. J. Technol. Hum. Interact.
Nana Yaw Asabere, Wisdom Kwawu Torgby, Amevi Acakpovi, Samuel Edusah Enguah, Isaac Ofori Asare
2021 J jnl
Int. J. Online Pedagog. Course Des.
Nana Yaw Asabere, Amevi Acakpovi, Joseph Agyiri, Michael Clifford Awuku, Michael Aidoo Sakyi, Dennis Amanor Teyewayo
2021 J jnl
IEEE Trans. Emerg. Top. Comput.
Nana Yaw Asabere, Bo Xu, Amevi Acakpovi, Nakema Deonauth
2020 J jnl
Int. J. ICT Res. Afr. Middle East
Nana Yaw Asabere, Eric Amoako
2020 J jnl
Int. J. ICT Res. Afr. Middle East
Nana Yaw Asabere, Joseph Agyiri, Amevi Acakpovi, Abraham Nachanja, Priscilla Awuku
2020 J jnl
CoRR
Nana Yaw Asabere, Feng Xia, Wei Wang, Joel J. P. C. Rodrigues, Filippo Basso, Jianhua Ma
2020 J jnl
J. Electr. Comput. Eng.
Amevi Acakpovi, Patrick Adjei, Nnamdi I. Nwulu, Nana Yaw Asabere
2020 J jnl
Comput. Math. Methods Medicine
Nana Yaw Asabere, Amevi Acakpovi, Emmanuel Kwaku Ofori, Wisdom Torgby, Marcellinus Kuuboore, Gare Lawson, Edward Adjaloko
2020 J jnl
CoRR
Hannan Bin Liaqat, Feng Xia, Jianhua Ma, Laurence Tianruo Yang, Ahmedin Mohammed Ahmed, Nana Yaw Asabere
2020 J jnl
CoRR
Feng Xia, Nana Yaw Asabere, Haifeng Liu, Zhen Chen, Wei Wang
2019 J jnl
Int. J. Online Pedagog. Course Des.
Nana Yaw Asabere, Amevi Acakpovi, Wisdom Torgby, Jessica Yaa Aba Sackey, Sylvia Kwaikyi
2019 J jnl
Int. J. Decis. Support Syst. Technol.
Nana Yaw Asabere, Amevi Acakpovi
2018 J jnl
IEEE Trans. Affect. Comput.
Nana Yaw Asabere, Amevi Acakpovi, Mathias Bennet Michael
2017 J jnl
IEEE Syst. J.
Feng Xia, Nana Yaw Asabere, Haifeng Liu, Zhen Chen, Wei Wang
2017 J jnl
IEEE Syst. J.
Haifeng Liu, Feng Xia, Zhen Chen, Nana Yaw Asabere, Jianhua Ma, Runhe Huang
2015 J jnl
Int. J. Parallel Emergent Distributed Syst.
Nana Yaw Asabere, Feng Xia, Qinxue Meng, Fengqi Li, Haifeng Liu
2015 J jnl
IEEE Syst. J.
Hannan Bin Liaqat, Feng Xia, Jianhua Ma, Laurence Tianruo Yang, Ahmedin Mohammed Ahmed, Nana Yaw Asabere
2014 conf
WWW (Companion Volume)
Jing Li, Feng Xia, Wei Wang, Zhen Chen, Nana Yaw Asabere, Huizhen Jiang
2014 conf
WWW (Companion Volume)
Ahmedin Mohammed Ahmed, Qiuyuan Yang, Nana Yaw Asabere, Tie Qiu, Feng Xia
2014 conf
WWW (Companion Volume)
Feng Xia, Nana Yaw Asabere, Haifeng Liu, Nakema Deonauth, Fengqi Li
2014 J jnl
IEEE Trans. Hum. Mach. Syst.
Nana Yaw Asabere, Feng Xia, Wei Wang, Joel J. P. C. Rodrigues, Filippo Basso, Jianhua Ma
2014 conf
WWW (Companion Volume)
Feng Xia, Haifeng Liu, Nana Yaw Asabere, Wei Wang, Zhuo Yang
2013 J jnl
CoRR
Nana Yaw Asabere, Nana Kwame Gyamfi
2013 J jnl
IEEE Access
Feng Xia, Nana Yaw Asabere, Ahmedin Mohammed Ahmed, Jing Li, Xiangjie Kong
2013 J jnl
CoRR
Feng Xia, Nana Yaw Asabere, Ahmedin Mohammed Ahmed, Jing Li, Xiangjie Kong
2013 conf
GreenCom/iThings/CPScom
Ahmedin Mohammed Ahmed, Feng Xia, Nana Yaw Asabere, Hannan Bin Liaqat, Jie Li
2013 conf
UIC/ATC
Feng Xia, Nana Yaw Asabere, Joel J. P. C. Rodrigues, Filippo Basso, Nakema Deonauth, Wei Wang
2013 J jnl
CoRR
Feng Xia, Nana Yaw Asabere, Joel J. P. C. Rodrigues, Filippo Basso, Nakema Deonauth, Wei Wang
tests/unit/test_decompile_analysis.py
← Index tests/unit/test_decompile_analysis.py python
"""Unit tests (mocked Binary Ninja) for analysis modules:
- bninja/analysis/cfg.py — CFGAnalysis
- bninja/analysis/disassembly.py — DisassemblyAnalysis
- bninja/analysis/low_level.py — LowLevelAnalysis
"""
import sys
import pytest
from unittest.mock import MagicMock

from tests.unit.conftest_binja_stubs import (
    install_binja_stubs,
    BranchType,
    InstructionTextTokenType,
    MockBasicBlock,
    MockEdge,
    MockFunction,
    MockToken,
    MockDisassemblyLine,
    MockBinaryView,
    MockSymbol,
    SymbolType,
    LowLevelILOperation,
)

install_binja_stubs()

from redb.extractors.decompiler.bninja.analysis.cfg import CFGAnalysis
from redb.extractors.decompiler.bninja.analysis.disassembly import DisassemblyAnalysis
from redb.extractors.decompiler.bninja.arch.x86 import Arch_x86


# ============================================================================
# 9a. CFGAnalysis
# ============================================================================


class TestCFGCyclomaticComplexity:
    def test_cyclomatic_complexity_linear(self):
        """Single block, no edges: E - N + 2 = 0 - 1 + 2 = 1."""
        block = MockBasicBlock(start=0x1000, end=0x1010, outgoing_edges=[])
        func = MockFunction(start=0x1000, basic_blocks=[block])
        cfg = CFGAnalysis(func)
        result = cfg.extract_function_cfg()
        assert result["cyclomatic_complexity"] == 1

    def test_cyclomatic_complexity_branch(self):
        """Diamond: 4 blocks, 4 edges -> 4 - 4 + 2 = 2."""
        entry = MockBasicBlock(start=0x1000, end=0x1010)
        true_b = MockBasicBlock(start=0x1010, end=0x1020)
        false_b = MockBasicBlock(start=0x1020, end=0x1030)
        merge = MockBasicBlock(start=0x1030, end=0x1040)

        entry.outgoing_edges = [MockEdge(target=true_b), MockEdge(target=false_b)]
        true_b.outgoing_edges = [MockEdge(target=merge)]
        false_b.outgoing_edges = [MockEdge(target=merge)]
        merge.outgoing_edges = []

        func = MockFunction(start=0x1000, basic_blocks=[entry, true_b, false_b, merge])
        cfg = CFGAnalysis(func)
        result = cfg.extract_function_cfg()
        assert result["cyclomatic_complexity"] == 2

    def test_cyclomatic_complexity_loop(self):
        """Loop: 3 blocks, 3 edges -> 3 - 3 + 2 = 2."""
        header = MockBasicBlock(start=0x1000, end=0x1010)
        body = MockBasicBlock(start=0x1010, end=0x1020)
        exit_b = MockBasicBlock(start=0x1020, end=0x1030)

        header.outgoing_edges = [MockEdge(target=body), MockEdge(target=exit_b)]
        body.outgoing_edges = [MockEdge(target=header)]
        exit_b.outgoing_edges = []

        func = MockFunction(start=0x1000, basic_blocks=[header, body, exit_b])
        cfg = CFGAnalysis(func)
        result = cfg.extract_function_cfg()
        assert result["cyclomatic_complexity"] == 2


class TestCFGExtractFunctionCFG:
    def _make_simple_cfg(self):
        """Create a simple two-block CFG for testing structure."""
        entry = MockBasicBlock(start=0x1000, end=0x1010)
        exit_b = MockBasicBlock(start=0x1010, end=0x1020)

        entry.outgoing_edges = [MockEdge(source=entry, target=exit_b, edge_type=BranchType.UnconditionalBranch)]
        exit_b.incoming_edges = [MockEdge(source=entry, target=exit_b)]
        exit_b.outgoing_edges = []
        entry.incoming_edges = []

        func = MockFunction(start=0x1000, basic_blocks=[entry, exit_b])
        return func

    def test_extract_function_cfg_structure(self):
        func = self._make_simple_cfg()
        cfg = CFGAnalysis(func)
        result = cfg.extract_function_cfg()
        assert "function_address" not in result
        # New schema: no "blocks" or "measures" nesting
        assert "blocks" not in result
        assert "measures" not in result

    def test_function_cfg_new_keys(self):
        """Assert all expected keys are present in the new output dict."""
        func = self._make_simple_cfg()
        cfg = CFGAnalysis(func)
        result = cfg.extract_function_cfg()
        expected_keys = [
            "cfg_topology_hash",
            "block_count",
            "edge_count",
            "llil_total_operations",
            "call_count",
            "cyclomatic_complexity",
            "loop_count",
            "max_depth",
            "max_fan_out",
            "md_index_topdown",
            "md_index_bottomup",
            "prime_product_llil",
            "cfg_feature_tlsh",
            "wl_minhash",
            "bb_features",
            "cfg_adjacency",
        ]
        for key in expected_keys:
            assert key in result, f"Missing key: {key}"

    def test_returns_none_for_empty_blocks(self):
        func = MockFunction(start=0x1000, basic_blocks=[])
        cfg = CFGAnalysis(func)
        assert cfg.extract_function_cfg() is None


class TestCFGTopologyHash:
    def _make_two_block_cfg(self):
        entry = MockBasicBlock(start=0x1000, end=0x1010)
        exit_b = MockBasicBlock(start=0x1010, end=0x1020)
        entry.outgoing_edges = [MockEdge(target=exit_b)]
        exit_b.outgoing_edges = []
        return MockFunction(start=0x1000, basic_blocks=[entry, exit_b])

    def test_topology_hash_is_16_bytes(self):
        func = self._make_two_block_cfg()
        cfg = CFGAnalysis(func)
        result = cfg.extract_function_cfg()
        assert isinstance(result["cfg_topology_hash"], bytes)
        assert len(result["cfg_topology_hash"]) == 16

    def test_topology_hash_deterministic(self):
        func = self._make_two_block_cfg()
        r1 = CFGAnalysis(func).extract_function_cfg()
        r2 = CFGAnalysis(func).extract_function_cfg()
        assert r1["cfg_topology_hash"] == r2["cfg_topology_hash"]


class TestCFGLoopCount:
    def test_no_loops(self):
        entry = MockBasicBlock(start=0x1000, end=0x1010)
        exit_b = MockBasicBlock(start=0x1010, end=0x1020)
        entry.outgoing_edges = [MockEdge(target=exit_b)]
        exit_b.outgoing_edges = []
        func = MockFunction(start=0x1000, basic_blocks=[entry, exit_b])
        result = CFGAnalysis(func).extract_function_cfg()
        assert result["loop_count"] == 0

    def test_single_loop(self):
        header = MockBasicBlock(start=0x1000, end=0x1010)
        body = MockBasicBlock(start=0x1010, end=0x1020)
        exit_b = MockBasicBlock(start=0x1020, end=0x1030)
        header.outgoing_edges = [MockEdge(target=body), MockEdge(target=exit_b)]
        body.outgoing_edges = [MockEdge(target=header)]
        exit_b.outgoing_edges = []
        func = MockFunction(start=0x1000, basic_blocks=[header, body, exit_b])
        result = CFGAnalysis(func).extract_function_cfg()
        assert result["loop_count"] == 1


class TestCFGMaxDepth:
    def test_max_depth_linear(self):
        entry = MockBasicBlock(start=0x1000, end=0x1010)
        b1 = MockBasicBlock(start=0x1010, end=0x1020)
        b2 = MockBasicBlock(start=0x1020, end=0x1030)
        entry.outgoing_edges = [MockEdge(target=b1)]
        b1.outgoing_edges = [MockEdge(target=b2)]
        b2.outgoing_edges = []
        func = MockFunction(start=0x1000, basic_blocks=[entry, b1, b2])
        result = CFGAnalysis(func).extract_function_cfg()
        assert result["max_depth"] == 2

    def test_max_depth_single_block(self):
        block = MockBasicBlock(start=0x1000, end=0x1010, outgoing_edges=[])
        func = MockFunction(start=0x1000, basic_blocks=[block])
        result = CFGAnalysis(func).extract_function_cfg()
        assert result["max_depth"] == 0


class TestCFGCollectBlockLlilOps:
    """Test that _collect_block_llil_ops correctly maps LLIL data to native blocks."""

    def test_llil_fields_nonzero_with_mock_llil(self):
        """When LLIL is available, llil_total_operations and call_count should be non-zero."""
        # Two native blocks
        entry = MockBasicBlock(start=0x1000, end=0x1010)
        exit_b = MockBasicBlock(start=0x1010, end=0x1020)
        entry.outgoing_edges = [MockEdge(target=exit_b)]
        exit_b.outgoing_edges = []

        # LLIL instructions: SET_REG, CALL in first block; STORE, RET in second
        llil_instrs_1 = [
            MockLLILInstruction(LowLevelILOperation.LLIL_SET_REG),
            MockLLILInstruction(LowLevelILOperation.LLIL_CALL),
        ]
        llil_instrs_2 = [
            MockLLILInstruction(LowLevelILOperation.LLIL_STORE),
            MockLLILInstruction(LowLevelILOperation.LLIL_RET),
        ]

        # LLIL basic blocks map back to native blocks via source_block
        llil_bb1 = MockLLILBasicBlock(llil_instrs_1, source_block=entry)
        llil_bb2 = MockLLILBasicBlock(llil_instrs_2, source_block=exit_b)
        llil_func = MockLLILFunction([llil_bb1, llil_bb2])

        func = MockFunction(start=0x1000, basic_blocks=[entry, exit_b], llil=llil_func)
        result = CFGAnalysis(func, llil_function=llil_func).extract_function_cfg()

        assert result["llil_total_operations"] == 4
        assert result["call_count"] == 1
        assert result["prime_product_llil"] != 0

    def test_llil_none_gives_zero_fields(self):
        """Without LLIL, LLIL-dependent fields should be zero."""
        block = MockBasicBlock(start=0x1000, end=0x1010, outgoing_edges=[])
        func = MockFunction(start=0x1000, basic_blocks=[block])
        result = CFGAnalysis(func).extract_function_cfg()

        assert result["llil_total_operations"] == 0
        assert result["call_count"] == 0
        assert result["prime_product_llil"] == 0

    def test_bb_features_with_llil(self):
        """bb_features should reflect LLIL instruction categories when LLIL is available."""
        block = MockBasicBlock(start=0x1000, end=0x1010, outgoing_edges=[])

        llil_instrs = [
            MockLLILInstruction(LowLevelILOperation.LLIL_ADD),
            MockLLILInstruction(LowLevelILOperation.LLIL_LOAD),
            MockLLILInstruction(LowLevelILOperation.LLIL_CALL),
        ]
        llil_bb = MockLLILBasicBlock(llil_instrs, source_block=block)
        llil_func = MockLLILFunction([llil_bb])

        func = MockFunction(start=0x1000, basic_blocks=[block])
        result = CFGAnalysis(func, llil_function=llil_func).extract_function_cfg()

        feats = result["bb_features"]
        assert len(feats) == 1
        assert feats[0][0] == 3  # instruction count = 3
        # At least one non-zero category count (not all OTHER)
        category_counts = feats[0][1:7]
        assert sum(category_counts) > 0


# ============================================================================
# 9b. DisassemblyAnalysis
# ============================================================================


class TestDisassemblyAnalysisGetJson:
    def _make_analysis(self, instructions=None, basic_blocks=None):
        arch = Arch_x86()
        if instructions is None:
            instructions = [
                (
                    [
                        MockToken("push", InstructionTextTokenType.InstructionToken),
                        MockToken(" ", InstructionTextTokenType.TextToken),
                        MockToken("rbp", InstructionTextTokenType.RegisterToken),
                    ],
                    0x1000,
                ),
                (
                    [
                        MockToken("mov", InstructionTextTokenType.InstructionToken),
                        MockToken(" ", InstructionTextTokenType.TextToken),
                        MockToken("rsp", InstructionTextTokenType.RegisterToken),
                    ],
                    0x1003,
                ),
            ]
        if basic_blocks is None:
            basic_blocks = [MockBasicBlock(
                start=0x1000, end=0x1010,
                disassembly_text=[MockDisassemblyLine([MockToken("push rbp")])]
            )]

        func = MockFunction(
            name="test_func",
            start=0x1000,
            basic_blocks=basic_blocks,
            instructions=instructions,
            symbol=MockSymbol(symbol_type=SymbolType.FunctionSymbol, name="test_func"),
            stack_adjustment=MagicMock(value=-8),
            mlil=None,
        )
        bv = MockBinaryView()
        logger = MagicMock()
        return DisassemblyAnalysis(arch, func, bv, logger)

    def test_get_json_basic_structure(self):
        da = self._make_analysis()
        result, errors = da.get_json()
        expected_keys = [
            "disassembled_function_hash",
            "disassembled_function",
            "disassembled_function_no_addresses",
            "disassembled_function_name",
            "disassembled_function_address",
            "instructions_count",
            "function_type",
            "instructions_types",
            "control_flow_count",
            "memory_access_pattern",
            "register_usage",
            "data_references_count",
        ]
        for key in expected_keys:
            assert key in result, f"Missing key: {key}"

    def test_get_json_hash_deterministic(self):
        da = self._make_analysis()
        r1, _ = da.get_json()
        da2 = self._make_analysis()
        r2, _ = da2.get_json()
        assert r1["disassembled_function_hash"] == r2["disassembled_function_hash"]


class TestDisassemblyCollectInstructionTypes:
    def test_collect_instruction_types(self):
        arch = Arch_x86()
        instructions = [
            ([MockToken("MOV", InstructionTextTokenType.InstructionToken)], 0x1000),
            ([MockToken("ADD", InstructionTextTokenType.InstructionToken)], 0x1001),
            ([MockToken("MOV", InstructionTextTokenType.InstructionToken)], 0x1002),
        ]
        func = MockFunction(start=0x1000, instructions=instructions, symbol=MockSymbol())
        da = DisassemblyAnalysis(arch, func, MockBinaryView(), MagicMock())
        types = da.collect_instruction_types()
        assert "DATA_MOVEMENT" in types
        assert "ARITHMETIC" in types

    def test_collect_instruction_types_empty(self):
        arch = Arch_x86()
        func = MockFunction(start=0x1000, instructions=[], symbol=MockSymbol())
        da = DisassemblyAnalysis(arch, func, MockBinaryView(), MagicMock())
        types = da.collect_instruction_types()
        assert types == {}


class TestDisassemblyMemoryPatterns:
    def _make_memory_instruction(self, tokens):
        return ([t for t in tokens], 0x1000)

    def test_collect_memory_patterns_stack(self):
        arch = Arch_x86()
        tokens = [
            MockToken("[", InstructionTextTokenType.BeginMemoryOperandToken),
            MockToken("RSP", InstructionTextTokenType.RegisterToken),
            MockToken("+0x8", InstructionTextTokenType.TextToken),
            MockToken("]", InstructionTextTokenType.EndMemoryOperandToken),
        ]
        instructions = [self._make_memory_instruction(tokens)]
        func = MockFunction(start=0x1000, instructions=instructions, symbol=MockSymbol())
        da = DisassemblyAnalysis(arch, func, MockBinaryView(), MagicMock())
        patterns = da.collect_memory_patterns()
        assert "MEM_STACK" in patterns

    def test_collect_memory_patterns_direct(self):
        arch = Arch_x86()
        tokens = [
            MockToken("[", InstructionTextTokenType.BeginMemoryOperandToken),
            MockToken("0x402000", InstructionTextTokenType.TextToken),
            MockToken("]", InstructionTextTokenType.EndMemoryOperandToken),
        ]
        instructions = [self._make_memory_instruction(tokens)]
        func = MockFunction(start=0x1000, instructions=instructions, symbol=MockSymbol())
        da = DisassemblyAnalysis(arch, func, MockBinaryView(), MagicMock())
        patterns = da.collect_memory_patterns()
        assert "MEM_DIRECT" in patterns

    def test_collect_memory_patterns_scaled(self):
        arch = Arch_x86()
        tokens = [
            MockToken("[", InstructionTextTokenType.BeginMemoryOperandToken),
            MockToken("RAX+RCX*4", InstructionTextTokenType.TextToken),
            MockToken("]", InstructionTextTokenType.EndMemoryOperandToken),
        ]
        instructions = [self._make_memory_instruction(tokens)]
        func = MockFunction(start=0x1000, instructions=instructions, symbol=MockSymbol())
        da = DisassemblyAnalysis(arch, func, MockBinaryView(), MagicMock())
        patterns = da.collect_memory_patterns()
        assert "MEM_SCALED_INDEX" in patterns

    def test_collect_memory_patterns_base_offset(self):
        arch = Arch_x86()
        tokens = [
            MockToken("[", InstructionTextTokenType.BeginMemoryOperandToken),
            MockToken("RAX+0x10", InstructionTextTokenType.TextToken),
            MockToken("]", InstructionTextTokenType.EndMemoryOperandToken),
        ]
        instructions = [self._make_memory_instruction(tokens)]
        func = MockFunction(start=0x1000, instructions=instructions, symbol=MockSymbol())
        da = DisassemblyAnalysis(arch, func, MockBinaryView(), MagicMock())
        patterns = da.collect_memory_patterns()
        assert "MEM_BASE_OFFSET" in patterns


class TestDisassemblyRegisterUsage:
    def test_collect_register_usage_gpr(self):
        arch = Arch_x86()
        instructions = [
            ([MockToken("RAX", InstructionTextTokenType.RegisterToken)], 0x1000),
        ]
        func = MockFunction(start=0x1000, instructions=instructions, symbol=MockSymbol())
        da = DisassemblyAnalysis(arch, func, MockBinaryView(), MagicMock())
        regs = da.collect_register_usage()
        assert "GPR" in regs

    def test_collect_register_usage_simd(self):
        arch = Arch_x86()
        instructions = [
            ([MockToken("XMM0", InstructionTextTokenType.RegisterToken)], 0x1000),
        ]
        func = MockFunction(start=0x1000, instructions=instructions, symbol=MockSymbol())
        da = DisassemblyAnalysis(arch, func, MockBinaryView(), MagicMock())
        regs = da.collect_register_usage()
        assert "SIMD" in regs

    def test_collect_register_usage_fpu(self):
        arch = Arch_x86()
        instructions = [
            ([MockToken("ST0", InstructionTextTokenType.RegisterToken)], 0x1000),
        ]
        func = MockFunction(start=0x1000, instructions=instructions, symbol=MockSymbol())
        da = DisassemblyAnalysis(arch, func, MockBinaryView(), MagicMock())
        regs = da.collect_register_usage()
        assert "FPU" in regs


class TestDisassemblyMisc:
    def test_count_data_references(self):
        arch = Arch_x86()
        func = MockFunction(start=0x1000, instructions=[], symbol=MockSymbol(), mlil=None)
        da = DisassemblyAnalysis(arch, func, MockBinaryView(), MagicMock())
        assert da.count_data_references() == 0

    def test_compute_max_block_size(self):
        arch = Arch_x86()
        blocks = [
            MockBasicBlock(disassembly_text=[MockDisassemblyLine([]) for _ in range(3)]),
            MockBasicBlock(disassembly_text=[MockDisassemblyLine([]) for _ in range(5)]),
        ]
        func = MockFunction(start=0x1000, basic_blocks=blocks, instructions=[], symbol=MockSymbol())
        da = DisassemblyAnalysis(arch, func, MockBinaryView(), MagicMock())
        assert da.compute_max_block_size() == 5

    def test_compute_num_calls(self):
        arch = Arch_x86()
        instructions = [
            ([MockToken("CALL", InstructionTextTokenType.InstructionToken)], 0x1000),
            ([MockToken("MOV", InstructionTextTokenType.InstructionToken)], 0x1005),
            ([MockToken("CALL", InstructionTextTokenType.InstructionToken)], 0x1010),
        ]
        func = MockFunction(start=0x1000, instructions=instructions, symbol=MockSymbol())
        da = DisassemblyAnalysis(arch, func, MockBinaryView(), MagicMock())
        assert da.compute_num_calls() == 2

    def test_estimate_stack_size_value(self):
        arch = Arch_x86()
        stack = MagicMock()
        stack.value = -16
        func = MockFunction(start=0x1000, instructions=[], symbol=MockSymbol(), stack_adjustment=stack)
        da = DisassemblyAnalysis(arch, func, MockBinaryView(), MagicMock())
        assert da.estimate_stack_size() == -16

    def test_estimate_stack_size_int(self):
        arch = Arch_x86()
        func = MockFunction(start=0x1000, instructions=[], symbol=MockSymbol(), stack_adjustment=-8)
        da = DisassemblyAnalysis(arch, func, MockBinaryView(), MagicMock())
        assert da.estimate_stack_size() == -8

    def test_normalize_opcode(self):
        arch = Arch_x86()
        func = MockFunction(start=0x1000, instructions=[], symbol=MockSymbol())
        da = DisassemblyAnalysis(arch, func, MockBinaryView(), MagicMock())
        assert da.normalize_opcode("mov") == "MOV"
        assert da.normalize_opcode("PUSH") == "PUSH"


# ============================================================================
# 9c. LowLevelAnalysis (basic tests with mocked LLIL)
# ============================================================================


class MockLLILInstruction:
    """Mock LLIL instruction for low_level.py tests."""
    def __init__(self, operation, operands=None, address=0):
        self.operation = operation
        self.operands = operands or []
        self.address = address

    def __str__(self):
        return f"LLIL_{self.operation}"


class MockLLILBasicBlock:
    def __init__(self, instructions, source_block=None):
        self._instructions = instructions
        self.source_block = source_block

    def __iter__(self):
        return iter(self._instructions)


class MockLLILFunction:
    def __init__(self, basic_blocks):
        self.basic_blocks = basic_blocks
        self._instructions = []
        for bb in basic_blocks:
            self._instructions.extend(bb._instructions)

    @property
    def instructions(self):
        return iter(self._instructions)

    @property
    def source_function(self):
        mock = MagicMock()
        mock.start = 0x1000
        return mock


class TestLowLevelAnalysisCountControlFlow:
    def test_count_control_flow_instructions(self):
        from redb.extractors.decompiler.bninja.analysis.low_level import LowLevelAnalysis
        instrs = [
            MockLLILInstruction(LowLevelILOperation.LLIL_IF),
            MockLLILInstruction(LowLevelILOperation.LLIL_SET_REG),
            MockLLILInstruction(LowLevelILOperation.LLIL_CALL),
            MockLLILInstruction(LowLevelILOperation.LLIL_GOTO),
        ]
        bb = MockLLILBasicBlock(instrs)
        llil_func = MockLLILFunction([bb])

        func = MockFunction(start=0x1000, llil=llil_func, symbol=MockSymbol())
        func.low_level_il = None
        bv = MockBinaryView()
        bv.arch = MagicMock()
        bv.arch.stack_pointer = "sp"
        la = LowLevelAnalysis(func, bv, MagicMock())
        assert la.count_control_flow_instructions() == 3  # IF, CALL, GOTO


class TestLowLevelAnalysisNumCalls:
    def test_compute_num_calls_llil(self):
        from redb.extractors.decompiler.bninja.analysis.low_level import LowLevelAnalysis
        instrs = [
            MockLLILInstruction(LowLevelILOperation.LLIL_CALL),
            MockLLILInstruction(LowLevelILOperation.LLIL_TAILCALL),
            MockLLILInstruction(LowLevelILOperation.LLIL_SET_REG),
        ]
        bb = MockLLILBasicBlock(instrs)
        llil_func = MockLLILFunction([bb])

        func = MockFunction(start=0x1000, llil=llil_func, symbol=MockSymbol())
        func.low_level_il = None
        bv = MockBinaryView()
        la = LowLevelAnalysis(func, bv, MagicMock())
        assert la.compute_num_calls() == 2


class TestLowLevelAnalysisCollectNormalization:
    def test_collect_low_level(self):
        from redb.extractors.decompiler.bninja.analysis.low_level import LowLevelAnalysis
        instrs = [
            MockLLILInstruction(LowLevelILOperation.LLIL_SET_REG, address=0x1000),
            MockLLILInstruction(LowLevelILOperation.LLIL_STORE, address=0x1004),
        ]
        bb = MockLLILBasicBlock(instrs)
        llil_func = MockLLILFunction([bb])

        func = MockFunction(start=0x1000, llil=llil_func, symbol=MockSymbol())
        func.low_level_il = None
        bv = MockBinaryView()
        la = LowLevelAnalysis(func, bv, MagicMock())
        result, _ = la._collect_low_level_and_with_addr()
        assert len(result) == 2
        # Each item is a list of operation ints
        assert isinstance(result[0], list)

    def test_collect_low_level_with_addr_offset_clamping(self):
        from redb.extractors.decompiler.bninja.analysis.low_level import LowLevelAnalysis
        instrs = [
            MockLLILInstruction(LowLevelILOperation.LLIL_SET_REG, address=0x0FFF),  # Before function start
        ]
        bb = MockLLILBasicBlock(instrs)
        llil_func = MockLLILFunction([bb])

        func = MockFunction(start=0x1000, llil=llil_func, symbol=MockSymbol())
        func.low_level_il = None
        bv = MockBinaryView()
        la = LowLevelAnalysis(func, bv, MagicMock())
        _, result = la._collect_low_level_and_with_addr()
        assert len(result) == 1
        offset, _ = result[0]
        assert offset == 0  # Clamped to 0