Najima Daoudi

33 papers C 3Journal 18Unranked 12
YearRankTypeTitle / Venue / Authors
2025 J jnl
Int. J. Eng. Pedagog.
Khadija El Azhari, Imane Hilal, Najima Daoudi, Rachida Ajhoun
2025 J jnl
Int. J. Speech Technol.
Ghizlane Bourahouat, Manar Abourezq, Najima Daoudi
2025 J jnl
Int. J. Data Sci. Anal.
Ghizlane Bourahouat, Manar Abourezq, Najima Daoudi
2024 conf
ICALP (1)
Ghizlane Bourahouat, Manar Abourezq, Najima Daoudi
2024 C conf
AICCSA
Khadija El Azhari, Imane Hilal, Najima Daoudi, Rachida Ajhoun
2024 J jnl
Int. Arab J. Inf. Technol.
Ghizlane Bourahouat, Manar Abourezq, Najima Daoudi
2023 conf
CiSt
Hafsa Housni, Nissrine Majit, Naila Amrous, Najima Daoudi, Mohamed Jaoud Malzi
2023 conf
SITA
Anas Bodor, Meriem Hnida, Najima Daoudi
2023 J jnl
Educ. Inf. Technol.
Hajar Zankadi, Abdellah Idrissi, Najima Daoudi, Imane Hilal
2023 J jnl
Int. J. Interact. Mob. Technol.
Anas Bodor, Meriem Hnida, Najima Daoudi
2023 J jnl
Int. J. Interact. Mob. Technol.
Khadija El Azhari, Imane Hilal, Najima Daoudi, Rachida Ajhoun
2023 conf
SITA
Ahlam Belmaqrout, Btihal El Ghali, Najima Daoudi, Abdelhay Haqiq
2023 conf
AICV
Rima Sandoussi, Meriem Hnida, Najima Daoudi, Rachida Ajhoun
2022 J jnl
Int. J. Emerg. Technol. Learn.
Hajar Zankadi, Imane Hilal, Abdellah Idrissi, Najima Daoudi
2022 J jnl
Int. J. Emerg. Technol. Learn.
Khadija Elghomary, Driss Bouzidi, Najima Daoudi
2022 conf
AISI
Maryame Naji, Najima Daoudi, Rachida Ajhoun
2022 J jnl
Int. J. Eng. Pedagog.
Sara Assami, Najima Daoudi, Rachida Ajhoun
2022 conf
AISI
Sara Assami, Najima Daoudi, Rachida Ajhoun
2022 J jnl
Int. J. Interact. Mob. Technol.
Rima Sandoussi, Meriem Hnida, Najima Daoudi, Rachida Ajhoun
2020 J jnl
Int. J. Recent Contributions Eng. Sci. IT
Sara Assami, Najima Daoudi, Rachida Ajhoun
2020 J jnl
Int. J. Adv. Corp. Learn.
Najima Daoudi, Nabigh Majda, Imane Hilal, Hasnae Rahimi, Fatima Zahra Atiki
2020 J jnl
Int. J. Multim. Intell. Secur.
Khadija Elghomary, Driss Bouzidi, Najima Daoudi
2019 conf
NISS
Khadija Elghomary, Driss Bouzidi, Najima Daoudi
2019 C conf
iiWAS
Hajar Zankadi, Imane Hilal, Najima Daoudi, Abdellah Idrissi
2018 conf
CIST
Nabigh Majda, Najima Daoudi
2018 J jnl
Int. J. Emerg. Technol. Learn.
Brahim Faqihi, Najima Daoudi, Rachida Ajhoun
2018 conf
ICMCS
Hajar Zankadi, Imane Hilal, Najima Daoudi, Abdellah Idrissi
2018 C conf
EDUCON
Sara Assami, Najima Daoudi, Rachida Ajhoun
2018 conf
ICMCS
Maryame Naji, Najima Daoudi, Rachida Ajhoun
2018 conf
ICMCS
Manal Amraoui, Najima Daoudi, Imane Hilal, Rachida Ajhoun
2014 J jnl
Int. J. Adv. Corp. Learn.
Naila Amrous, Najima Daoudi, Elghomari Khadija, Badia Ettaki
2013 J jnl
Int. J. Emerg. Technol. Learn.
Najima Daoudi, Naila Amrous, Badia Ettaki
2008 J jnl
Int. J. Interact. Mob. Technol.
Najima Daoudi, Rachida Ajhoun
redb/extractors/js_extractors/js_strings.py
← Index redb/extractors/js_extractors/js_strings.py python
import base64
import bisect
import inspect
import re
from datetime import datetime, timezone
from typing import Any

from redb.extractors.enum import Tag
from redb.extractors.js_extractor import JSExtractor
from redb.extractors.js_extractors.js_patterns import STRING_PATTERNS, line_offsets

# Local aliases for the compiled patterns this extractor uses. Defined and
# compiled exactly once in js_patterns.STRING_PATTERNS.
_HEX_STRING_RE = STRING_PATTERNS["hex_escape_seq"]
_UNICODE_STRING_RE = STRING_PATTERNS["unicode_escape_seq"]
_CHARCODE_RE = STRING_PATTERNS["charcode_call"]
_BASE64_STRING_RE = STRING_PATTERNS["base64_quoted"]
_CONCAT_STRING_RE = STRING_PATTERNS["concat_chain"]

# Tokeniser used inside _reconstruct_concat to pull each quoted part out of a
# matched concat chain. Compiled once at module load (was recompiled on every
# concat match before).
_CONCAT_TOKEN_RE = re.compile(r'["\']([^"\']*)["\']')


class JSStringsExtractor(JSExtractor):

    def __init__(
        self, filepath, log, exporters=None, index_prefix=None,
        known_benign=False, known_malicious=False, source=None, context=None,
    ):
        super().__init__(
            filepath, log, exporters, index_prefix,
            known_benign, known_malicious, source, context=context,
        )
        self.string_findings = None
        self.log.debug(inspect.currentframe().f_code.co_name)

    def tag(self):
        return Tag.JS_STRINGS.value

    def _decode_hex_string(self, hex_str):
        """Decode \\x41\\x42 style hex strings."""
        try:
            # Remove \\x prefix and decode
            clean = hex_str.replace('\\x', '')
            return bytes.fromhex(clean).decode('utf-8', errors='replace')
        except Exception:
            return None

    def _decode_unicode_string(self, uni_str):
        """Decode \\u0041\\u0042 style unicode strings."""
        try:
            return uni_str.encode('utf-8').decode('unicode_escape')
        except Exception:
            return None

    def _decode_charcode(self, charcode_str):
        """Decode String.fromCharCode(72, 101, 108, ...) sequences."""
        try:
            codes = [int(c.strip()) for c in charcode_str.split(',') if c.strip().isdigit()]
            return ''.join(chr(c) for c in codes if 0 <= c <= 0x10FFFF)
        except Exception:
            return None

    def _decode_base64(self, b64_str):
        """Attempt to decode base64 string."""
        try:
            decoded = base64.b64decode(b64_str)
            # Check if result is printable text
            text = decoded.decode('utf-8', errors='strict')
            # Only return if it looks like text (>80% printable)
            printable = sum(1 for c in text if c.isprintable() or c in '\n\r\t')
            if printable / len(text) > 0.8:
                return text
        except Exception:
            pass
        return None

    def _reconstruct_concat(self, concat_match):
        """Reconstruct concatenated string parts."""
        try:
            parts = _CONCAT_TOKEN_RE.findall(concat_match)
            return ''.join(parts)
        except Exception:
            return None

    def _find_line_number(self, match_start):
        """1-indexed line number for `match_start`, looked up in O(log L) via
        bisect over `self._line_offsets` (built once per extract() call).

        Replaces the historical `self.js_source[:match_start].count('\\n') + 1`
        which was O(N) per call and quadratic across all matches in a sample.
        """
        return bisect.bisect_right(self._line_offsets, match_start)

    def _scan_text(self, text):
        """Run every encoded-string pattern over `text` and return a list of
        finding dicts. Stateless apart from the per-call `_line_offsets` cache,
        which `_find_line_number` reads — callers must reset it before invoking
        this so line numbers reference the text being scanned, not the previous
        one.
        """
        findings = []

        # Hex-encoded strings
        for m in _HEX_STRING_RE.finditer(text):
            raw = m.group()
            decoded = self._decode_hex_string(raw)
            if decoded and len(decoded) >= 4:
                findings.append({
                    'string': decoded[:4000],
                    'string_raw': raw[:4000],
                    'string_encoding': 'hex',
                    'string_offset': self._find_line_number(m.start()),
                    'string_length': len(decoded),
                    'string_raw_length': len(raw),
                    'string_entropy': self._calculate_text_entropy(decoded),
                })

        # Unicode-encoded strings
        for m in _UNICODE_STRING_RE.finditer(text):
            raw = m.group()
            decoded = self._decode_unicode_string(raw)
            if decoded and len(decoded) >= 3:
                findings.append({
                    'string': decoded[:4000],
                    'string_raw': raw[:4000],
                    'string_encoding': 'unicode',
                    'string_offset': self._find_line_number(m.start()),
                    'string_length': len(decoded),
                    'string_raw_length': len(raw),
                    'string_entropy': self._calculate_text_entropy(decoded),
                })

        # String.fromCharCode sequences
        for m in _CHARCODE_RE.finditer(text):
            raw = m.group()
            decoded = self._decode_charcode(m.group(1))
            if decoded and len(decoded) >= 4:
                findings.append({
                    'string': decoded[:4000],
                    'string_raw': raw[:4000],
                    'string_encoding': 'charcode',
                    'string_offset': self._find_line_number(m.start()),
                    'string_length': len(decoded),
                    'string_raw_length': len(raw),
                    'string_entropy': self._calculate_text_entropy(decoded),
                })

        # Base64-encoded strings
        for m in _BASE64_STRING_RE.finditer(text):
            raw = m.group(0)
            b64_val = m.group(1)
            decoded = self._decode_base64(b64_val)
            if decoded and len(decoded) >= 10:
                findings.append({
                    'string': decoded[:4000],
                    'string_raw': raw[:4000],
                    'string_encoding': 'base64',
                    'string_offset': self._find_line_number(m.start()),
                    'string_length': len(decoded),
                    'string_raw_length': len(raw),
                    'string_entropy': self._calculate_text_entropy(decoded),
                })

        # Concatenated strings (reassembled)
        for m in _CONCAT_STRING_RE.finditer(text):
            raw = m.group()
            reconstructed = self._reconstruct_concat(raw)
            if reconstructed and len(reconstructed) >= 20:
                findings.append({
                    'string': reconstructed[:4000],
                    'string_raw': raw[:4000],
                    'string_encoding': 'concat',
                    'string_offset': self._find_line_number(m.start()),
                    'string_length': len(reconstructed),
                    'string_raw_length': len(raw),
                    'string_entropy': self._calculate_text_entropy(reconstructed),
                })

        return findings

    def extract(self):
        src = self.js_source
        if not src:
            return None

        # Pass 1: raw source. _line_offsets is keyed off whichever text is
        # currently being scanned so _find_line_number resolves to that text.
        self._line_offsets = line_offsets(src)
        findings = self._scan_text(src)

        # Pass 2: deobfuscated text, when the deobfuscator produced something
        # meaningfully different. Same patterns, but a different surface — for
        # samples where the encoded payload is hidden behind an outer wrapper
        # (e.g. array.join() + eval in Vjw0rm/WSH-RAT) only this pass yields
        # any rows at all.
        deobf_text, _ = self._context.deobfuscated
        if deobf_text and deobf_text != src:
            self._line_offsets = line_offsets(deobf_text)
            findings.extend(self._scan_text(deobf_text))

        if not findings:
            return None

        # Deduplicate by decoded string value (raw pass wins on collision: it
        # comes first in `findings`). A string that surfaces only in the
        # deobfuscated text still gets persisted, which is the whole point of
        # the second pass.
        seen_values = set()
        deduped = []
        for f in findings:
            val_key = f['string'][:100]
            if val_key not in seen_values:
                seen_values.add(val_key)
                deduped.append(f)

        self.string_findings = deduped[:500]  # Limit per file
        # Publish to the shared context so post-loop consumers (notably the IOC
        # plumbing in workers.py) can scrape the decoded strings without
        # holding a reference to this extractor instance.
        self._context.decoded_strings = self.string_findings
        return self.string_findings

    def prepare_export_data(self, exporter_type: str) -> Any:
        if exporter_type == "ClickHouseExporter":
            if not self.string_findings:
                return None

            data = []
            for f in self.string_findings:
                data.append([
                    self.sha256,
                    f['string'],
                    f['string_raw'],
                    f['string_encoding'],
                    f['string_offset'],
                    f['string_length'],
                    f['string_raw_length'],
                    f['string_entropy'],
                ])

            column_names = [
                "sha256",
                "string",
                "string_raw",
                "string_encoding",
                "string_offset",
                "string_length",
                "string_raw_length",
                "string_entropy",
            ]

            column_type_names = [
                "FixedString(64)",
                "String",
                "String",
                "LowCardinality(String)",
                "UInt64",
                "UInt32",
                "UInt32",
                "Float32",
            ]

            return (data, column_names, column_type_names)

    def get_clickhouse_table(self) -> str:
        return "code_binja_strings_raw"