Nabil Hmina

31 papers A 2B 2C 6Journal 8Unranked 13
YearRankTypeTitle / Venue / Authors
2025 C conf
CoDIT
Issam El Khadiri, Maria Zemzami, Mohamed Abouelmajd, Nabil Hmina, Soufiane Belhouideg, Nhan-Quy Nguyen
2024 C conf
CoDIT
Hakima Reddad, Maria Zemzami, N. El Hami, Nabil Hmina, Nhan-Quy Nguyen
2023 C conf
CoDIT
Issam El Khadiri, Mohamed Abouelmajd, Maria Zemzami, Nabil Hmina, Manuel Lagache, Bandar Al Mangour, Ahmed Bahlaoui, Ismail Arroub, Soufiane Belhouideg
2022 J jnl
Interact. Technol. Smart Educ.
Ouidad Akhrif, Chaymae Benfares, Mostapha E. L. Jai, Younès El Bouzekri El Idrissi, Nabil Hmina
2021 J jnl
Comput. Geom.
Bouchra Nassih, Aouatif Amine, Mohammed Ngadi, Youssef Azdoud, Driss Naji, Nabil Hmina
2021 conf
NISS (ACM)
Samia Hakkou, Tomader Mazri, Nabil Hmina
2020 conf
FNC/MobiSPC
Ouidad Akhrif, Chaymae Benfares, Younès El Bouzekri El Idrissi, Nabil Hmina
2019 J jnl
Int. J. Syst. Syst. Eng.
Ilyas Ed-daoui, Mhamed Itmi, Abdelkhalak El Hami, Nabil Hmina, Tomader Mazri
2019 B conf
SCA
Ouidad Akhrif, Chaymae Benfares, Younès El Bouzekri El Idrissi, Nabil Hmina
2019 J jnl
Int. J. Interact. Multim. Artif. Intell.
Bouchra Nassih, Aouatif Amine, Mohammed Ngadi, Nabil Hmina
2019 conf
CSAE
Ouidad Akhrif, Younès El Bouzekri El Idrissi, Nabil Hmina
2019 J jnl
Int. J. Interact. Mob. Technol.
Ahmed El Mahjoubi, Tomader Mazri, Nabil Hmina
2019 J jnl
J. Commun.
Ahmed El Mahjoubi, Tomader Mazri, Nabil Hmina
2019 A conf
ECAI
Loubna El Amrani, Tomader Mazri, Nabil Hmina
2019 conf
NISS
Imane Sahmi, Tomader Mazri, Nabil Hmina
2018 J jnl
Int. J. Online Eng.
Ahmed El Mahjoubi, Tomader Mazri, Nabil Hmina
2018 J jnl
Int. J. Crit. Infrastructures
Ilyas Ed-daoui, Mhamed Itmi, Abdelkhalak El Hami, Nabil Hmina, Tomader Mazri
2018 conf
CIST
Lekbir Cherif, Mohamed Chentouf, Jalal Benallal, Mohammed Darmi, Rachid Elgouri, Nabil Hmina
2018 B conf
SCA
Ouidad Akhrif, Younès El Bouzekri El Idrissi, Nabil Hmina
2018 C conf
WINCOM
Loubna El Amrani, Tomader Mazri, Nabil Hmina
2017 conf
BDCA
Saida El Mendili, Younes El Bouzekri El Idrissi, Nabil Hmina
2017 C conf
WINCOM
Loubna El Amrani, Tomader Mazri, Nabil Hmina
2017 conf
BDCA
Oussama El Bacha, Othmane Jmad, Younes El Bouzekri El Idrissi, Nabil Hmina
2017 C conf
WINCOM
Ahmed El Mahjoubi, Nabil Hmina, Tomader Mazri
2017 A conf
ECAI
Loubna El Amrani, Tomader Mazri, Nabil Hmina
2016 conf
CIST
Maria Zemzami, Norelislam El Hami, Mhamed Itmi, Nabil Hmina
2016 conf
CIST
Aicha Koulou, Norelislam El Hami, Nabil Hmina, Abir Elmir, Bouchaib Bounabat
2016 conf
CIST
Saida El Mendili, Younes El Bouzekri El Idrissi, Nabil Hmina
2016 conf
CIST
Mounia Aarich, Hanaa Hachimi, Nabil Hmina
2016 conf
ICMCS
Ilyas Ed-daoui, Tomader Mazri, Nabil Hmina
2013 conf
ITSC
Aouatif Amine, Nawal Alioua, Frederick Zann, Yassine Ruichek, Nabil Hmina
redb/extractors/js_extractors/js_strings.py
← Index redb/extractors/js_extractors/js_strings.py python
import base64
import bisect
import inspect
import re
from datetime import datetime, timezone
from typing import Any

from redb.extractors.enum import Tag
from redb.extractors.js_extractor import JSExtractor
from redb.extractors.js_extractors.js_patterns import STRING_PATTERNS, line_offsets

# Local aliases for the compiled patterns this extractor uses. Defined and
# compiled exactly once in js_patterns.STRING_PATTERNS.
_HEX_STRING_RE = STRING_PATTERNS["hex_escape_seq"]
_UNICODE_STRING_RE = STRING_PATTERNS["unicode_escape_seq"]
_CHARCODE_RE = STRING_PATTERNS["charcode_call"]
_BASE64_STRING_RE = STRING_PATTERNS["base64_quoted"]
_CONCAT_STRING_RE = STRING_PATTERNS["concat_chain"]

# Tokeniser used inside _reconstruct_concat to pull each quoted part out of a
# matched concat chain. Compiled once at module load (was recompiled on every
# concat match before).
_CONCAT_TOKEN_RE = re.compile(r'["\']([^"\']*)["\']')


class JSStringsExtractor(JSExtractor):

    def __init__(
        self, filepath, log, exporters=None, index_prefix=None,
        known_benign=False, known_malicious=False, source=None, context=None,
    ):
        super().__init__(
            filepath, log, exporters, index_prefix,
            known_benign, known_malicious, source, context=context,
        )
        self.string_findings = None
        self.log.debug(inspect.currentframe().f_code.co_name)

    def tag(self):
        return Tag.JS_STRINGS.value

    def _decode_hex_string(self, hex_str):
        """Decode \\x41\\x42 style hex strings."""
        try:
            # Remove \\x prefix and decode
            clean = hex_str.replace('\\x', '')
            return bytes.fromhex(clean).decode('utf-8', errors='replace')
        except Exception:
            return None

    def _decode_unicode_string(self, uni_str):
        """Decode \\u0041\\u0042 style unicode strings."""
        try:
            return uni_str.encode('utf-8').decode('unicode_escape')
        except Exception:
            return None

    def _decode_charcode(self, charcode_str):
        """Decode String.fromCharCode(72, 101, 108, ...) sequences."""
        try:
            codes = [int(c.strip()) for c in charcode_str.split(',') if c.strip().isdigit()]
            return ''.join(chr(c) for c in codes if 0 <= c <= 0x10FFFF)
        except Exception:
            return None

    def _decode_base64(self, b64_str):
        """Attempt to decode base64 string."""
        try:
            decoded = base64.b64decode(b64_str)
            # Check if result is printable text
            text = decoded.decode('utf-8', errors='strict')
            # Only return if it looks like text (>80% printable)
            printable = sum(1 for c in text if c.isprintable() or c in '\n\r\t')
            if printable / len(text) > 0.8:
                return text
        except Exception:
            pass
        return None

    def _reconstruct_concat(self, concat_match):
        """Reconstruct concatenated string parts."""
        try:
            parts = _CONCAT_TOKEN_RE.findall(concat_match)
            return ''.join(parts)
        except Exception:
            return None

    def _find_line_number(self, match_start):
        """1-indexed line number for `match_start`, looked up in O(log L) via
        bisect over `self._line_offsets` (built once per extract() call).

        Replaces the historical `self.js_source[:match_start].count('\\n') + 1`
        which was O(N) per call and quadratic across all matches in a sample.
        """
        return bisect.bisect_right(self._line_offsets, match_start)

    def _scan_text(self, text):
        """Run every encoded-string pattern over `text` and return a list of
        finding dicts. Stateless apart from the per-call `_line_offsets` cache,
        which `_find_line_number` reads — callers must reset it before invoking
        this so line numbers reference the text being scanned, not the previous
        one.
        """
        findings = []

        # Hex-encoded strings
        for m in _HEX_STRING_RE.finditer(text):
            raw = m.group()
            decoded = self._decode_hex_string(raw)
            if decoded and len(decoded) >= 4:
                findings.append({
                    'string': decoded[:4000],
                    'string_raw': raw[:4000],
                    'string_encoding': 'hex',
                    'string_offset': self._find_line_number(m.start()),
                    'string_length': len(decoded),
                    'string_raw_length': len(raw),
                    'string_entropy': self._calculate_text_entropy(decoded),
                })

        # Unicode-encoded strings
        for m in _UNICODE_STRING_RE.finditer(text):
            raw = m.group()
            decoded = self._decode_unicode_string(raw)
            if decoded and len(decoded) >= 3:
                findings.append({
                    'string': decoded[:4000],
                    'string_raw': raw[:4000],
                    'string_encoding': 'unicode',
                    'string_offset': self._find_line_number(m.start()),
                    'string_length': len(decoded),
                    'string_raw_length': len(raw),
                    'string_entropy': self._calculate_text_entropy(decoded),
                })

        # String.fromCharCode sequences
        for m in _CHARCODE_RE.finditer(text):
            raw = m.group()
            decoded = self._decode_charcode(m.group(1))
            if decoded and len(decoded) >= 4:
                findings.append({
                    'string': decoded[:4000],
                    'string_raw': raw[:4000],
                    'string_encoding': 'charcode',
                    'string_offset': self._find_line_number(m.start()),
                    'string_length': len(decoded),
                    'string_raw_length': len(raw),
                    'string_entropy': self._calculate_text_entropy(decoded),
                })

        # Base64-encoded strings
        for m in _BASE64_STRING_RE.finditer(text):
            raw = m.group(0)
            b64_val = m.group(1)
            decoded = self._decode_base64(b64_val)
            if decoded and len(decoded) >= 10:
                findings.append({
                    'string': decoded[:4000],
                    'string_raw': raw[:4000],
                    'string_encoding': 'base64',
                    'string_offset': self._find_line_number(m.start()),
                    'string_length': len(decoded),
                    'string_raw_length': len(raw),
                    'string_entropy': self._calculate_text_entropy(decoded),
                })

        # Concatenated strings (reassembled)
        for m in _CONCAT_STRING_RE.finditer(text):
            raw = m.group()
            reconstructed = self._reconstruct_concat(raw)
            if reconstructed and len(reconstructed) >= 20:
                findings.append({
                    'string': reconstructed[:4000],
                    'string_raw': raw[:4000],
                    'string_encoding': 'concat',
                    'string_offset': self._find_line_number(m.start()),
                    'string_length': len(reconstructed),
                    'string_raw_length': len(raw),
                    'string_entropy': self._calculate_text_entropy(reconstructed),
                })

        return findings

    def extract(self):
        src = self.js_source
        if not src:
            return None

        # Pass 1: raw source. _line_offsets is keyed off whichever text is
        # currently being scanned so _find_line_number resolves to that text.
        self._line_offsets = line_offsets(src)
        findings = self._scan_text(src)

        # Pass 2: deobfuscated text, when the deobfuscator produced something
        # meaningfully different. Same patterns, but a different surface — for
        # samples where the encoded payload is hidden behind an outer wrapper
        # (e.g. array.join() + eval in Vjw0rm/WSH-RAT) only this pass yields
        # any rows at all.
        deobf_text, _ = self._context.deobfuscated
        if deobf_text and deobf_text != src:
            self._line_offsets = line_offsets(deobf_text)
            findings.extend(self._scan_text(deobf_text))

        if not findings:
            return None

        # Deduplicate by decoded string value (raw pass wins on collision: it
        # comes first in `findings`). A string that surfaces only in the
        # deobfuscated text still gets persisted, which is the whole point of
        # the second pass.
        seen_values = set()
        deduped = []
        for f in findings:
            val_key = f['string'][:100]
            if val_key not in seen_values:
                seen_values.add(val_key)
                deduped.append(f)

        self.string_findings = deduped[:500]  # Limit per file
        # Publish to the shared context so post-loop consumers (notably the IOC
        # plumbing in workers.py) can scrape the decoded strings without
        # holding a reference to this extractor instance.
        self._context.decoded_strings = self.string_findings
        return self.string_findings

    def prepare_export_data(self, exporter_type: str) -> Any:
        if exporter_type == "ClickHouseExporter":
            if not self.string_findings:
                return None

            data = []
            for f in self.string_findings:
                data.append([
                    self.sha256,
                    f['string'],
                    f['string_raw'],
                    f['string_encoding'],
                    f['string_offset'],
                    f['string_length'],
                    f['string_raw_length'],
                    f['string_entropy'],
                ])

            column_names = [
                "sha256",
                "string",
                "string_raw",
                "string_encoding",
                "string_offset",
                "string_length",
                "string_raw_length",
                "string_entropy",
            ]

            column_type_names = [
                "FixedString(64)",
                "String",
                "String",
                "LowCardinality(String)",
                "UInt64",
                "UInt32",
                "UInt32",
                "Float32",
            ]

            return (data, column_names, column_type_names)

    def get_clickhouse_table(self) -> str:
        return "code_binja_strings_raw"