Michael F. Chiang

77 papers A* 3A 3C 1Misc 34Journal 24Unranked 12

Year	Rank	Type	Title / Venue / Authors
2026	J	`jnl`	Med-V1: Small Language Models for Zero-shot and Scalable Biomedical Evidence Attribution. CoRR Qiao Jin, Yin Fang, Lauren He, Yifan Yang, Guangzhi Xiong, Zhizheng Wang, Nicholas Wan, Joey Chan, Donald C. Comeau, Robert Leaman, Charalampos S. Floudas, Aidong Zhang, Michael F. Chiang, Yifan Peng, Zhiyong Lu
2025	J	`jnl`	Re-identification of patients from imaging features extracted by foundation models. npj Digit. Medicine Giacomo Nebbia, Sourav Kumar, Stephen McNamara, Christopher P. Bridge, J. Peter Campbell, Michael F. Chiang, Naresh Mandava, Praveer Singh, Jayashree Kalpathy-Cramer
2024	J	`jnl`	Hidden Flaws Behind Expert-Level Accuracy of GPT-4 Vision in Medicine. CoRR Qiao Jin, Fangyuan Chen, Yiliang Zhou, Ziyang Xu, Justin M. Cheung, Robert Chen, Ronald M. Summers, Justin F. Rousseau, Peiyun Ni, Marc J. Landsman, Sally L. Baxter, Subhi J. Al'Aref, Yijia Li, Michael F. Chiang, Yifan Peng, Zhiyong Lu
2024	J	`jnl`	Hidden flaws behind expert-level accuracy of multimodal GPT-4 vision in medicine. npj Digit. Medicine Qiao Jin, Fangyuan Chen, Yiliang Zhou, Ziyang Xu, Justin M. Cheung, Robert Chen, Ronald M. Summers, Justin F. Rousseau, Peiyun Ni, Marc J. Landsman, Sally L. Baxter, Subhi J. Al'Aref, Yijia Li, Alexander Chen, Josef A. Brejt, Michael F. Chiang, Yifan Peng, Zhiyong Lu
2024	J	`jnl`	Prediction of multiclass surgical outcomes in glaucoma using multimodal deep learning based on free-text operative notes and structured EHR data. J. Am. Medical Informatics Assoc. Wei-Chun Lin, Aiyin Chen, Xubo Song, Nicole Gray Weiskopf, Michael F. Chiang, Michelle R. Hribar
2024	J	`jnl`	Towards Accountable AI-Assisted Eye Disease Diagnosis: Workflow Design, External Validation, and Continual Learning. CoRR Qingyu Chen, Tiarnan D. L. Keenan, Elvira Agrón, Alexis Allot, Emily Guan, Bryant Duong, Amr S. Elsawy, Benjamin Hou, Cancan Xue, Sanjeeb Bhandari, Geoff Broadhead, Chantal Cousineau-Krieger, Ellen Davis, William G. Gensheimer, David Grasic, Seema Gupta, Luis Haddock, Eleni Konstantinou, Tania Lamba, Michele Maiberger, Dimosthenis Mantopoulos, Mitul C. Mehta, Ayman G. Nahri, Mutaz AL-Nawaflh, Arnold Oshinsky, Brittany E. Powell, Boonkit Purt, Soo Shin, Hillary Stiefel, Alisa T. Thavikulwat, Keith Wroblewski, Tham Yih Chung, Chui Ming Gemmy Cheung, Ching-Yu Cheng, Emily Y. Chew, Michelle R. Hribar, Michael F. Chiang, Zhiyong Lu
2023	J	`jnl`	A generalized framework to predict continuous scores from medical ordinal labels. CoRR Katharina Viktoria Hoebel, Andréanne Lemay, John Peter Campbell, Susan Ostmo, Michael F. Chiang, Christopher P. Bridge, Matthew D. Li, Praveer Singh, Aaron S. Coyner, Jayashree Kalpathy-Cramer
2023	J	`jnl`	Panretinal Optical Coherence Tomography. IEEE Trans. Medical Imaging Shuibin Ni, Thanh-Tin P. Nguyen, Ringo Ng, Mani Woodward, Susan Ostmo, Yali Jia, Michael F. Chiang, David Huang, Alison H. Skalet, J. Peter Campbell, Yifan Jian
2022	Misc	`conf`	A Minimally Supervised Approach for Medical Image Quality Assessment in Domain Shift Settings. ICASSP Huijuan Yang, Aaron S. Coyner, Feri Guretno, Ivan Ho Mien, Chuan Sheng Foo, J. Peter Campbell, Susan Ostmo, Michael F. Chiang, Pavitra Krishnaswamy
2022	Misc	`conf`	Automated and Accessible Diagnosis of Age-related Macular Degeneration: a Comparative Analysis of the impact of machine learning models in clinical diagnostic Workflows. AMIA Qingyu Chen, Tiarnan D. Keenan, Alexis Allot, Sanjeeb Bhandari, Geoff Broadhead, Chantal Cousineau-Krieger, Ellen Davis, William G. Gensheimer, David Grasic, Seema Gupta, Eleni Konstantinou, Tania Lamba, Michele Maiberger, Arnold Oshinsky, Brittany E. Powell, Boonkit Purt, Soo Shin, Hillary Steifel, Alisa T. Thavikulwat, Keith Wroblewski, Sirisha Koirala, Tom Murickan, Michael F. Chiang, Michelle R. Hribar, Emily Y. Chew, Zhiyong Lu
2022	J	`jnl`	Spectral Ranking Regression. ACM Trans. Knowl. Discov. Data Ilkay Yildiz, Jennifer G. Dy, Deniz Erdogmus, Susan Ostmo, J. Peter Campbell, Michael F. Chiang, Stratis Ioannidis
2021	—	`conf`	Automated ROP Diagnostic System based on Comparisons and U-Net Segmentation. PETRA Peng Tian, Jennifer G. Dy, Deniz Erdogmus, Susan Ostmo, J. Peter Campbell, Michael F. Chiang, Stratis Ioannidis
2021	A	`conf`	Deep Spectral Ranking. AISTATS Ilkay Yildiz, Jennifer G. Dy, Deniz Erdogmus, Susan Ostmo, J. Peter Campbell, Michael F. Chiang, Stratis Ioannidis
2021	Misc	`conf`	Extraction of Active Medications and Adherence Using Natural Language Processing for Glaucoma Patients. AMIA Wei-Chun Lin, Jimmy Chen, Joel V. Kaluzny, Aiyin Chen, Michael F. Chiang, Michelle R. Hribar
2021	Misc	`conf`	Informatics-izing the National Institutes of Health. AMIA Clement J. McDonald, Patricia Flatley Brennan, Michael F. Chiang, Joshua C. Denny, Zhiyong Lu
2021	—	`conf`	Medical Scribes Have a Variable Impact on Documentation Workflows. MedInfo Adam Rule, Michael F. Chiang, Michelle R. Hribar
2021	J	`jnl`	Not Color Blind: AI Predicts Racial Identity from Black and White Retinal Vessel Segmentations. CoRR Aaron S. Coyner, Praveer Singh, James M. Brown, Susan Ostmo, R. V. Paul Chan, Michael F. Chiang, Jayashree Kalpathy-Cramer, J. Peter Campbell
2021	—	`conf`	Structural Visual Guidance Attention Networks In Retinopathy Of Prematurity. ISBI Veysi Yildiz, Stratis Ioannidis, Ilkay Yildiz, Peng Tian, John Peter Campbell, Susan Ostmo, Jayashree Kalpathy-Cramer, Michael F. Chiang, Deniz Erdogmus, Jennifer G. Dy
2021	—	`conf`	Structurally Guided Channel Attention Networks: SGCA-Net. PETRA Veysi Yildiz, Jennifer G. Dy, J. Peter Campbell, Susan Ostmo, Michael F. Chiang, Stratis Ioannidis, Deniz Erdogmus
2020	Misc	`conf`	Application of Machine Learning to Predict Patient No-Shows in an Academic Pediatric Ophthalmology Clinic. AMIA Jimmy Chen, Isaac H. Goldstein, Wei-Chun Lin, Michael F. Chiang, Michelle R. Hribar
2020	A*	`conf`	Clinical Documentation as End-User Programming. CHI Adam Rule, Isaac H. Goldstein, Michael F. Chiang, Michelle R. Hribar
2020	Misc	`conf`	Diagnosability of Synthetic Retinal Fundus Images for Plus Disease Detection in Retinopathy of Prematurity. AMIA Aaron S. Coyner, Jimmy Chen, John Peter Campbell, Susan Ostmo, Praveer Singh, Jayashree Kalpathy-Cramer, Michael F. Chiang
2020	A	`conf`	Fast and Accurate Ranking Regression. AISTATS Ilkay Yildiz, Jennifer G. Dy, Deniz Erdogmus, Jayashree Kalpathy-Cramer, Susan Ostmo, J. Peter Campbell, Michael F. Chiang, Stratis Ioannidis
2020	Misc	`conf`	Methods for Large-Scale Quantitative Analysis of Scribe Impacts on Clinical Documentation. AMIA Michelle R. Hribar, Haley Dusek, Isaac Goldstein, Adam Rule, Michael F. Chiang
2020	J	`jnl`	Promoting Quality Face-to-Face Communication during Ophthalmology Encounters in the Electronic Health Record Era. Appl. Clin. Inform. Sally L. Baxter, Helena E. Gali, Michael F. Chiang, Michelle R. Hribar, Lucila Ohno-Machado, Robert El-Kareh, Abigail E. Huang, Heather E. Chen, Andrew Camp, Don O. Kikkawa, Bobby S. Korn, Jeffrey E. Lee, Christopher A. Longhurst, Marlene Millen
2020	J	`jnl`	Siamese neural networks for continuous disease severity evaluation and change detection in medical imaging. npj Digit. Medicine Matthew D. Li, Ken Chang, Ben Bearce, Connie Y. Chang, Ambrose J. Huang, J. Peter Campbell, James M. Brown, Praveer Singh, Katharina Viktoria Hoebel, Deniz Erdogmus, Stratis Ioannidis, William E. Palmer, Michael F. Chiang, Jayashree Kalpathy-Cramer
2020	J	`jnl`	Using electronic health record audit logs to study clinical activity: a systematic review of aims, measures, and methods. J. Am. Medical Informatics Assoc. Adam Rule, Michael F. Chiang, Michelle R. Hribar
2019	A*	`conf`	A Severity Score for Retinopathy of Prematurity. KDD Peng Tian, Yuan Guo, Jayashree Kalpathy-Cramer, Susan Ostmo, John Peter Campbell, Michael F. Chiang, Jennifer G. Dy, Deniz Erdogmus, Stratis Ioannidis
2019	A	`conf`	Accelerated Experimental Design for Pairwise Comparisons. SDM Yuan Guo, Jennifer G. Dy, Deniz Erdogmus, Jayashree Kalpathy-Cramer, Susan Ostmo, J. Peter Campbell, Michael F. Chiang, Stratis Ioannidis
2019	J	`jnl`	Accelerated Experimental Design for Pairwise Comparisons. CoRR Yuan Guo, Jennifer G. Dy, Deniz Erdogmus, Jayashree Kalpathy-Cramer, Susan Ostmo, J. Peter Campbell, Michael F. Chiang, Stratis Ioannidis
2019	J	`jnl`	CaRENets: Compact and Resource-Efficient CNN for Homomorphic Inference on Encrypted Medical Images. CoRR Jin Chao, Ahmad Al Badawi, Balagopal Unnikrishnan, Jie Lin, Chan Fook Mun, James M. Brown, J. Peter Campbell, Michael F. Chiang, Jayashree Kalpathy-Cramer, Vijay Ramaseshan Chandrasekhar, Pavitra Krishnaswamy, Khin Mi Mi Aung
2019	J	`jnl`	Classification and comparison via neural networks. Neural Networks Ilkay Yildiz, Peng Tian, Jennifer G. Dy, Deniz Erdogmus, James M. Brown, Jayashree Kalpathy-Cramer, Susan Ostmo, J. Peter Campbell, Michael F. Chiang, Stratis Ioannidis
2019	—	`conf`	Improved interpretability for computer-aided severity assessment of retinopathy of prematurity. Computer-Aided Diagnosis Mara Graziani, James M. Brown, Vincent Andrearczyk, Veysi Yildiz, J. Peter Campbell, Deniz Erdogmus, Stratis Ioannidis, Michael F. Chiang, Jayashree Kalpathy-Cramer, Henning Müller
2019	Misc	`conf`	More Than Copy-Paste: Content-Importing in Clinical Documentation. AMIA Adam Rule, Michael F. Chiang, Michelle R. Hribar
2019	Misc	`conf`	Predicting Wait Times in Pediatric Ophthalmology Outpatient Clinic Using Machine Learning. AMIA Wei-Chun Lin, Isaac H. Goldstein, Michelle R. Hribar, David S. Sanders, Michael F. Chiang
2019	—	`conf`	Towards Practical Unsupervised Anomaly Detection on Retinal Images. DART/MIL3ID@MICCAI Khalil Ouardini, Huijuan Yang, Balagopal Unnikrishnan, Manon Romain, Camille Garcin, Houssam Zenati, J. Peter Campbell, Michael F. Chiang, Jayashree Kalpathy-Cramer, Vijay Chandrasekhar, Pavitra Krishnaswamy, Chuan-Sheng Foo
2019	C	`conf`	Variational Inference from Ranked Samples with Features. ACML Yuan Guo, Jennifer G. Dy, Deniz Erdogmus, Jayashree Kalpathy-Cramer, Susan Ostmo, J. Peter Campbell, Michael F. Chiang, Stratis Ioannidis
2018	Misc	`conf`	Analysis of Total Time Requirements of Electronic Health Record Use by Ophthalmologists Using Secondary EHR Data. AMIA Isaac H. Goldstein, Michelle R. Hribar, Leah G. Reznick, Michael F. Chiang
2018	J	`jnl`	Biomedical informatics and data science: evolving fields with significant overlap. J. Am. Medical Informatics Assoc. Patricia Flatley Brennan, Michael F. Chiang, Lucila Ohno-Machado
2018	Misc	`conf`	Clinical Documentation in Electronic Health Record Systems: Analysis of Patient Record Review During Outpatient Ophthalmology Visits. AMIA Michelle R. Hribar, David A. Biermann, Isaac H. Goldstein, Michael F. Chiang
2018	Misc	`conf`	Clinical Documentation in Electronic Health Record Systems: Analysis of Similarity in Progress Notes from Consecutive Outpatient Ophthalmology Encounters. AMIA Abigail Huang, Michelle R. Hribar, Isaac H. Goldstein, Brad Henriksen, Wei-Chun Lin, Michael F. Chiang
2018	Misc	`conf`	Deep Learning for Image Quality Assessment of Fundus Images in Retinopathy of Prematurity. AMIA Aaron S. Coyner, Ryan Swan, James M. Brown, Jayashree Kalpathy-Cramer, Sang-Jin Kim, John Peter Campbell, Karyn Jonas, Susan Ostmo, R. V. P. Chan, Michael F. Chiang
2018	J	`jnl`	Deep feature transfer between localization and segmentation tasks. CoRR Szu-Yeu Hu, Andrew Beers, Ken Chang, Kathi Höbel, J. Peter Campbell, Deniz Erdogmus, Stratis Ioannidis, Jennifer G. Dy, Michael F. Chiang, Jayashree Kalpathy-Cramer, James M. Brown
2018	A*	`conf`	Experimental Design under the Bradley-Terry Model. IJCAI Yuan Guo, Peng Tian, Jayashree Kalpathy-Cramer, Susan Ostmo, J. Peter Campbell, Michael F. Chiang, Deniz Erdogmus, Jennifer G. Dy, Stratis Ioannidis
2018	J	`jnl`	High-resolution medical image synthesis using progressively grown generative adversarial networks. CoRR Andrew Beers, James M. Brown, Ken Chang, J. Peter Campbell, Susan Ostmo, Michael F. Chiang, Jayashree Kalpathy-Cramer
2018	J	`jnl`	Response to Letter: Secondary use of electronic health record data for clinical workflow analysis. J. Am. Medical Informatics Assoc. Michelle R. Hribar, Michael F. Chiang
2018	Misc	`conf`	Secondary Use of Electronic Health Record Data for Prediction of Outpatient Visit Length in Ophthalmology Clinics. AMIA Wei-Chun Lin, Isaac H. Goldstein, Michelle R. Hribar, Abigail Huang, Michael F. Chiang
2018	J	`jnl`	Secondary use of electronic health record data for clinical workflow analysis. J. Am. Medical Informatics Assoc. Michelle R. Hribar, Sarah Read-Brown, Isaac H. Goldstein, Leah G. Reznick, Lorinna Lombardi, Mansi Parikh, Winston Chamberlain, Michael F. Chiang
2017	Misc	`conf`	Automated Image Quality Assessment for Fundus Images in Retinopathy of Prematurity. AMIA Aaron S. Coyner, Ryan Swan, Jayashree Kalpathy-Cramer, Sang-Jin Kim, John Peter Campbell, Karyn Jonas, Susan Ostmo, R. V. P. Chan, Michael F. Chiang
2017	Misc	`conf`	Evaluating and Improving an Outpatient Clinic Scheduling Template Using Secondary Electronic Health Record Data. AMIA Michelle R. Hribar, Sarah Read-Brown, Leah G. Reznick, Michael F. Chiang
2017	Misc	`conf`	Quantifying the Impact of Trainee Providers on Outpatient Clinic Workflow using Secondary EHR Data. AMIA Isaac H. Goldstein, Michelle R. Hribar, Sarah Read-Brown, Michael F. Chiang
2017	Misc	`conf`	Using Social Networking Analysis to Understand the Importance of Patients and Caregivers in Online Teams of Care. AMIA Trevor Jamieson, Michael F. Chiang, Teja Voruganti, Allison Kurahashi, Alyssa Bertram, Sara Subramaniam, Amna Husain
2016	Misc	`conf`	Clinic Workflow Simulations using Secondary EHR Data. AMIA Michelle R. Hribar, David A. Biermann, Sarah Read-Brown, Leah G. Reznick, Lorinna Lombardi, Mansi Parikh, Winston Chamberlain, Thomas R. Yackel, Michael F. Chiang
2016	—	`conf`	Toward a severity index for ROP: An unsupervised approach. EMBC Peng Tian, Esra Ataer Cansizoglu, Jayashree Kalpathy-Cramer, Susan Ostmo, Karyn Jonas, R. V. P. Chan, J. Peter Campbell, Michael F. Chiang, Deniz Erdogmus
2016	Misc	`conf`	Using Social Networking Analysis to Provide Greater Context to the Evaluation of a Team-Based Communication Tool. AMIA Trevor Jamieson, Amna Husain, Peter B. Weinstein, Teja Voruganti, Allison Kurahashi, Alyssa Bertram, Michael F. Chiang
2015	—	`conf`	A GMM-based feature extraction technique for the automated diagnosis of Retinopathy of Prematurity. ISBI Verónica Bolón-Canedo, Esra Ataer Cansizoglu, Deniz Erdogmus, Jayashree Kalpathy-Cramer, Michael F. Chiang
2015	—	`conf`	Analysis of shape assumptions in 3D reconstruction of retina from multiple fundus images. ISBI Esra Ataer Cansizoglu, Yuichi Taguchi, Jayashree Kalpathy-Cramer, Michael F. Chiang, Deniz Erdogmus
2015	J	`jnl`	Dealing with inter-expert variability in retinopathy of prematurity: A machine learning approach. Comput. Methods Programs Biomed. Verónica Bolón-Canedo, Esra Ataer Cansizoglu, Deniz Erdogmus, Jayashree Kalpathy-Cramer, Oscar Fontenla-Romero, Amparo Alonso-Betanzos, Michael F. Chiang
2015	Misc	`conf`	Identification of Variables that Predict Visit Times for Analyzing Ophthalmology Clinic Workflows. AMIA Sarah Read-Brown, Michelle R. Hribar, Grant Aaker, Leah G. Reznick, Thomas R. Yackel, Michael F. Chiang
2015	Misc	`conf`	Implementation and evaluation of a tele-education system for the diagnosis of ophthalmic disease by international trainees. AMIA John Peter Campbell, Ryan Swan, Karyn Jonas, Susan Ostmo, Camila Ventura, Maria-Ana Martinez-Castellanos, Rachelle G. Anzures, Michael F. Chiang, R. V. P. Chan
2015	Misc	`conf`	Secondary Use of EHR Timestamp data: Validation and Application for Workflow Optimization. AMIA Michelle R. Hribar, Sarah Read-Brown, Leah G. Reznick, Lorinna Lombardi, Mansi Parikh, Thomas R. Yackel, Michael F. Chiang
2015	Misc	`conf`	Using High-Fidelity Simulation and Eye Tracking to Characterize Workflow Patterns among Hospital Physicians. AMIA Julie Doberne, Ze He, Vishnu Mohan, Jeffrey Allen Gold, Jenna L. Marquard, Michael F. Chiang
2015	Misc	`conf`	Variability in Electronic Health Record Usage and Perceptions among Specialty vs. Primary Care Physicians. AMIA Travis K. Redd, Julie Doberne, Daniel Lattin, Thomas R. Yackel, Carl O. Eriksson, Vishnu Mohan, Jeffrey Allen Gold, Joan S. Ash, Michael F. Chiang
2014	Misc	`conf`	Development and Evaluation of Reference Standards for Image-based Telemedicine Diagnosis and Clinical Research Studies in Ophthalmology. AMIA Michael C. Ryan, Susan Ostmo, Karyn Jonas, Audina Berrocal, Kimberly Drenser, Jason Horowitz, Thomas C. Lee, Charles Simmons, Maria-Ana Martinez-Castellanos, R. V. P. Chan, Michael F. Chiang
2014	J	`jnl`	Structure-based level set method for automatic retinal vasculature segmentation. EURASIP J. Image Video Process. Bekir Dizdaroglu, Esra Ataer Cansizoglu, Jayashree Kalpathy-Cramer, Katie Keck, Michael F. Chiang, Deniz Erdogmus
2014	Misc	`conf`	Using EHR Timestamps for Analyzing Ophthalmology Clinic Workflows. AMIA Sarah Read-Brown, Michelle R. Hribar, Leah G. Reznick, Thomas R. Yackel, Michael F. Chiang
2013	Misc	`conf`	Time-Motion Analysis of Clinical Nursing Documentation During Implementation of an Electronic Operating Room Management System for Ophthalmic Surgery. AMIA Sarah Read-Brown, David S. Sanders, Anna S. Brown, Thomas R. Yackel, Dongseok Choi, Daniel C. Tu, Michael F. Chiang
2012	Misc	`conf`	Challenges in Electronic Health Record Implementation: Making Meaningful Use Meaningful for Specialists and Primary Care Providers. AMIA Michael F. Chiang, Christoph U. Lehmann, Thomas R. Yackel, Jessica Kahn
2012	—	`conf`	Level sets for retinal vasculature segmentation using seeds from ridges and edges from phase maps. MLSP Bekir Dizdaroglu, Esra Ataer Cansizoglu, Jayashree Kalpathy-Cramer, Katie Keck, Michael F. Chiang, Deniz Erdogmus
2012	—	`conf`	Observer and feature analysis on diagnosis of retinopathy of prematurity. MLSP Esra Ataer Cansizoglu, Sheng You, Jayashree Kalpathy-Cramer, Katie Keck, Michael F. Chiang, Deniz Erdogmus
2006	Misc	`conf`	Reliability of SNOMED-CT Coding by Three Physicians using Two Terminology Browsers. AMIA Michael F. Chiang, John C. Hwang, Alexander C. Yu, Daniel S. Casper, James J. Cimino, Justin Starren
2005	Misc	`conf`	Assessment of Image-Based Technology: Impact of Referral Cutoff on Accuracy and Reliability of Remote Retinopathy of Prematurity Diagnosis. AMIA Michael F. Chiang, Jeremy D. Keenan, Yunling E. Du, William Schiff, Gaetano Barile, Joan Li, Ditte J. Hess, Rose Anne Johnson, John Flynn, Justin Starren
2005	J	`jnl`	Automating Content Extraction of HTML Documents. World Wide Web Suhit Gupta, Gail E. Kaiser, Peter Grimm, Michael F. Chiang, Justin Starren
2005	Misc	`conf`	Mining a clinical data warehouse to discover disease-finding associations using co-occurrence statistics. AMIA Hui Cao, Marianthi Markatou, Genevieve B. Melton, Michael F. Chiang, George Hripcsak
2004	—	`conf`	Evaluation of consumer health website accessibility by users with sensory and physical disabilities. MedInfo Michael F. Chiang, Justin Starren
2003	Misc	`conf`	An Experimental System for Comparing Speed, Accuracy, and Completeness of Physician Data Entry using Electronic and Paper Methods. AMIA Michael F. Chiang, Hui Cao, Pallav Sharda, George Hripcsak, Justin B. Starren
2002	Misc	`conf`	Software engineering risk factors in the implementation of a small electronic medical record system: the problem of scalability. AMIA Michael F. Chiang, Justin B. Starren