Karen Gettings

Year	Rank	Type	Title / Venue / Authors
2025	—	`conf`	Weighted Histogram Matching for Improved Automated Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR)-optical Image Registration. HPEC Kerri Prinos, Aditi Mungale, Karen Gettings, Tair Akhmejanov, Devanshu Mehta
2023	—	`conf`	Leveraging Mathworks Tools to Accelerate the Prototyping of Custom 5G Applications in Hardware. HPEC Joshua Geyster, Karen Gettings, Paul Monticciolo, Matthew Rebholz
2022	—	`conf`	DASH: Scheduling Deep Learning Workloads on Multi-Generational GPU-Accelerated Clusters. HPEC Baolin Li, Tirthak Patel, Vijay Gadepally, Karen Gettings, Siddharth Samsi, Devesh Tiwari
2022	J	`jnl`	RIBBON: Cost-Effective and QoS-Aware Deep Learning Model Inference using a Diverse Pool of Cloud Computing Instances. CoRR Baolin Li, Rohan Basu Roy, Tirthak Patel, Vijay Gadepally, Karen Gettings, Devesh Tiwari
2021	A	`conf`	RIBBON: cost-effective and qos-aware deep learning model inference using a diverse pool of cloud computing instances. SC Baolin Li, Rohan Basu Roy, Tirthak Patel, Vijay Gadepally, Karen Gettings, Devesh Tiwari
2021	—	`conf`	Reconfigurable Hardware Root-of-Trust for Secure Edge Processing. HPEC Alan Ehret, Eliakin Del Rosario, Carsten Schwicking, Karen Gettings, Michel A. Kinsy
2020	—	`conf`	A Hardware Root-of-Trust Design for Low-Power SoC Edge Devices. HPEC Alan Ehret, Eliakin Del Rosario, Karen Gettings, Michel A. Kinsy
2020	—	`conf`	Homomorphic Encryption Based Secure Sensor Data Processing. HPEC Vijay Gadepally, Mihailo Isakov, Rashmi S. Agrawal, Jeremy Kepner, Karen Gettings, Michel A. Kinsy
2019	—	`conf`	A Survey on Hardware Security Techniques Targeting Low-Power SoC Designs. HPEC Alan Ehret, Karen Gettings, Bruce R. Jordan, Michel A. Kinsy
2017	—	`conf`	Fabrication security and trust of domain-specific ASIC processors. HOST Michael Vai, Karen Gettings, Theodore Lyszczarz
2017	—	`conf`	Optical physical unclonable function. MWSCAS Michael Geis, Karen Gettings, Michael Vai
2016	—	`conf`	SHAMROCK: A Synthesizable High Assurance Cryptography and Key management coprocessor. MILCOM David Whelihan, Michael Vai, Daniil M. Utin, Roger Khazan, Karen Gettings, Tom Anderson, Antonio Godfrey, Raymond Govotski, Mark Yeager, Brendon Chetwynd, Ben Nahill, Eric Koziel
2015	—	`conf`	Coarse-grain reconfigurable ASIC through multiplexer based switches. HPEC Karen Gettings, Marc Burke, Jeremy Muldavin, Michael Vai
2013	—	`conf`	Biquad implementation of an IIR filter for IQ mismatch correction in an SoC RF receiver. HPEC Karen Gettings, Andrew K. Bolstad, Michael N. Ericson, Xiao Wang
2012	—	`conf`	Low Power Sparse Polynomial Equalizer (SPEQ) for Nonlinear Digital Compensation of an Active Anti-Alias Filter. SiPS Karen Gettings, Andrew K. Bolstad, Show-Yah Stuart Chen, Michael N. Ericson, Benjamin A. Miller, Michael Vai
2012	—	`conf`	Sparse polynomial equalization of an RF receiver via algorithm, analog, and digital codesign. ACSCC Andrew K. Bolstad, Benjamin A. Miller, Karen Gettings, Mike Ericson, Helen Kim, Merlin Green, Dan Santiago
2007	—	`—`	Study of complementary metal oxide semiconductor process variation by multiplexing analog characteristics. Karen Gettings
2007	—	`conf`	Variation. ISQED Duane S. Boning, Karthik Balakrishnan, Hong Cai, Nigel Drego, Ali Farahanchi, Karen Gettings, Daihyun Lim, Ajay Somani, Hayden Taylor, Daniel Truque, Xiaolin Xie

use once_cell::sync::Lazy;
use regex::Regex;
use std::collections::HashMap;

/// Highlighting rules for a "family" of languages.
struct LangRule {
    line_comments: &'static [&'static str],
    block_comments: &'static [(&'static str, &'static str)],
    /// If true, enables strings delimited by " and '
    strings: bool,
    /// If true, also enables triple-quoted strings (Python)
    triple_quote: bool,
    /// If true, also enables backtick template strings (JS/TS)
    backtick: bool,
    /// If true, keywords are matched case-insensitively (e.g. SQL)
    case_insensitive_keywords: bool,
    keywords: &'static [&'static str],
}

const EMPTY_KW: &[&str] = &[];

fn rule_for(lang: &str) -> LangRule {
    match lang {
        "rust" => LangRule {
            line_comments: &["//"],
            block_comments: &[("/*", "*/")],
            strings: true,
            triple_quote: false,
            backtick: false,
            case_insensitive_keywords: false,
            keywords: &[
                "as", "break", "const", "continue", "crate", "dyn", "else", "enum", "extern",
                "false", "fn", "for", "if", "impl", "in", "let", "loop", "match", "mod", "move",
                "mut", "pub", "ref", "return", "self", "Self", "static", "struct", "super",
                "trait", "true", "type", "unsafe", "use", "where", "while", "async", "await",
                "union",
            ],
        },
        "python" => LangRule {
            line_comments: &["#"],
            block_comments: &[],
            strings: true,
            triple_quote: true,
            backtick: false,
            case_insensitive_keywords: false,
            keywords: &[
                "False", "None", "True", "and", "as", "assert", "async", "await", "break",
                "class", "continue", "def", "del", "elif", "else", "except", "finally", "for",
                "from", "global", "if", "import", "in", "is", "lambda", "nonlocal", "not", "or",
                "pass", "raise", "return", "try", "while", "with", "yield", "self",
            ],
        },
        "javascript" | "typescript" => LangRule {
            line_comments: &["//"],
            block_comments: &[("/*", "*/")],
            strings: true,
            triple_quote: false,
            backtick: true,
            case_insensitive_keywords: false,
            keywords: &[
                "break", "case", "catch", "class", "const", "continue", "debugger", "default",
                "delete", "do", "else", "export", "extends", "finally", "for", "function", "if",
                "import", "in", "instanceof", "new", "return", "super", "switch", "this", "throw",
                "try", "typeof", "var", "void", "while", "with", "yield", "let", "static",
                "async", "await", "of", "null", "true", "false", "undefined", "interface",
                "type", "enum", "implements", "namespace", "readonly", "public", "private",
                "protected", "abstract", "as", "declare", "from", "get", "set",
            ],
        },
        "java" => LangRule {
            line_comments: &["//"],
            block_comments: &[("/*", "*/")],
            strings: true,
            triple_quote: false,
            backtick: false,
            case_insensitive_keywords: false,
            keywords: &[
                "abstract", "assert", "boolean", "break", "byte", "case", "catch", "char",
                "class", "const", "continue", "default", "do", "double", "else", "enum",
                "extends", "final", "finally", "float", "for", "goto", "if", "implements",
                "import", "instanceof", "int", "interface", "long", "native", "new", "package",
                "private", "protected", "public", "return", "short", "static", "strictfp",
                "super", "switch", "synchronized", "this", "throw", "throws", "transient", "try",
                "void", "volatile", "while", "true", "false", "null", "var", "record", "yield",
                "sealed", "permits",
            ],
        },
        "c" => LangRule {
            line_comments: &["//"],
            block_comments: &[("/*", "*/")],
            strings: true,
            triple_quote: false,
            backtick: false,
            case_insensitive_keywords: false,
            keywords: &[
                "auto", "break", "case", "char", "const", "continue", "default", "do", "double",
                "else", "enum", "extern", "float", "for", "goto", "if", "inline", "int", "long",
                "register", "restrict", "return", "short", "signed", "sizeof", "static",
                "struct", "switch", "typedef", "union", "unsigned", "void", "volatile", "while",
            ],
        },
        "cpp" => LangRule {
            line_comments: &["//"],
            block_comments: &[("/*", "*/")],
            strings: true,
            triple_quote: false,
            backtick: false,
            case_insensitive_keywords: false,
            keywords: &[
                "auto", "break", "case", "char", "const", "continue", "default", "do", "double",
                "else", "enum", "extern", "float", "for", "goto", "if", "inline", "int", "long",
                "register", "return", "short", "signed", "sizeof", "static", "struct", "switch",
                "typedef", "union", "unsigned", "void", "volatile", "while", "class",
                "namespace", "template", "typename", "public", "private", "protected", "virtual",
                "friend", "this", "new", "delete", "try", "catch", "throw", "using", "operator",
                "explicit", "mutable", "bool", "true", "false", "nullptr", "constexpr",
                "decltype", "noexcept", "override", "final",
            ],
        },
        "csharp" => LangRule {
            line_comments: &["//"],
            block_comments: &[("/*", "*/")],
            strings: true,
            triple_quote: false,
            backtick: false,
            case_insensitive_keywords: false,
            keywords: &[
                "abstract", "as", "base", "bool", "break", "byte", "case", "catch", "char",
                "checked", "class", "const", "continue", "decimal", "default", "delegate", "do",
                "double", "else", "enum", "event", "explicit", "extern", "false", "finally",
                "fixed", "float", "for", "foreach", "goto", "if", "implicit", "in", "int",
                "interface", "internal", "is", "lock", "long", "namespace", "new", "null",
                "object", "operator", "out", "override", "params", "private", "protected",
                "public", "readonly", "ref", "return", "sbyte", "sealed", "short", "sizeof",
                "stackalloc", "static", "string", "struct", "switch", "this", "throw", "true",
                "try", "typeof", "uint", "ulong", "unchecked", "unsafe", "ushort", "using",
                "virtual", "void", "volatile", "while", "var", "async", "await", "yield",
                "nameof",
            ],
        },
        "go" => LangRule {
            line_comments: &["//"],
            block_comments: &[("/*", "*/")],
            strings: true,
            triple_quote: false,
            backtick: true,
            case_insensitive_keywords: false,
            keywords: &[
                "break", "case", "chan", "const", "continue", "default", "defer", "else",
                "fallthrough", "for", "func", "go", "goto", "if", "import", "interface", "map",
                "package", "range", "return", "select", "struct", "switch", "type", "var",
                "true", "false", "nil", "iota",
            ],
        },
        "ruby" => LangRule {
            line_comments: &["#"],
            block_comments: &[],
            strings: true,
            triple_quote: false,
            backtick: false,
            case_insensitive_keywords: false,
            keywords: &[
                "def", "end", "if", "elsif", "else", "unless", "while", "until", "for", "in",
                "do", "begin", "rescue", "ensure", "raise", "class", "module", "self", "nil",
                "true", "false", "and", "or", "not", "then", "yield", "return", "break", "next",
                "redo", "retry", "super", "require", "require_relative", "attr_accessor",
                "attr_reader", "attr_writer", "private", "public", "protected",
            ],
        },
        "php" => LangRule {
            line_comments: &["//", "#"],
            block_comments: &[("/*", "*/")],
            strings: true,
            triple_quote: false,
            backtick: false,
            case_insensitive_keywords: false,
            keywords: &[
                "abstract", "and", "array", "as", "break", "callable", "case", "catch", "class",
                "clone", "const", "continue", "declare", "default", "do", "echo", "else",
                "elseif", "empty", "extends", "final", "finally", "fn", "for", "foreach",
                "function", "global", "goto", "if", "implements", "include", "include_once",
                "instanceof", "interface", "isset", "list", "match", "namespace", "new", "or",
                "print", "private", "protected", "public", "require", "require_once", "return",
                "static", "switch", "throw", "trait", "try", "unset", "use", "var", "while",
                "xor", "yield", "true", "false", "null", "self", "parent",
            ],
        },
        "bash" => LangRule {
            line_comments: &["#"],
            block_comments: &[],
            strings: true,
            triple_quote: false,
            backtick: false,
            case_insensitive_keywords: false,
            keywords: &[
                "if", "then", "else", "elif", "fi", "for", "while", "until", "do", "done",
                "case", "esac", "function", "in", "return", "break", "continue", "local",
                "export", "readonly", "shift", "exit", "echo", "source",
            ],
        },
        "sql" => LangRule {
            line_comments: &["--"],
            block_comments: &[("/*", "*/")],
            strings: true,
            triple_quote: false,
            backtick: false,
            case_insensitive_keywords: true,
            keywords: &[
                "select", "from", "where", "insert", "into", "values", "update", "set",
                "delete", "create", "table", "alter", "drop", "join", "inner", "left", "right",
                "outer", "on", "group", "by", "order", "having", "as", "and", "or", "not",
                "null", "is", "in", "like", "limit", "offset", "distinct", "union", "all",
                "exists", "between", "case", "when", "then", "end", "primary", "key", "foreign",
                "references", "default", "index", "view", "trigger", "procedure", "function",
                "begin", "commit", "rollback",
            ],
        },
        "lua" => LangRule {
            line_comments: &["--"],
            block_comments: &[("--[[", "]]")],
            strings: true,
            triple_quote: false,
            backtick: false,
            case_insensitive_keywords: false,
            keywords: &[
                "and", "break", "do", "else", "elseif", "end", "false", "for", "function", "if",
                "in", "local", "nil", "not", "or", "repeat", "return", "then", "true", "until",
                "while",
            ],
        },
        "kotlin" => LangRule {
            line_comments: &["//"],
            block_comments: &[("/*", "*/")],
            strings: true,
            triple_quote: false,
            backtick: false,
            case_insensitive_keywords: false,
            keywords: &[
                "as", "break", "class", "continue", "do", "else", "false", "for", "fun", "if",
                "in", "interface", "is", "null", "object", "package", "return", "super", "this",
                "throw", "true", "try", "typealias", "val", "var", "when", "while", "by",
                "companion", "constructor", "data", "enum", "import", "init", "override",
                "private", "protected", "public", "sealed", "suspend",
            ],
        },
        "swift" => LangRule {
            line_comments: &["//"],
            block_comments: &[("/*", "*/")],
            strings: true,
            triple_quote: false,
            backtick: false,
            case_insensitive_keywords: false,
            keywords: &[
                "class", "deinit", "enum", "extension", "func", "import", "init", "internal",
                "let", "operator", "private", "protocol", "public", "static", "struct",
                "subscript", "typealias", "var", "break", "case", "continue", "default", "do",
                "else", "fallthrough", "if", "in", "for", "return", "switch", "where", "while",
                "as", "false", "true", "guard", "nil", "self", "super", "throw", "try", "async",
                "await",
            ],
        },
        "css" | "scss" | "less" => LangRule {
            line_comments: &[],
            block_comments: &[("/*", "*/")],
            strings: true,
            triple_quote: false,
            backtick: false,
            case_insensitive_keywords: false,
            keywords: EMPTY_KW,
        },
        "xml" => LangRule {
            line_comments: &[],
            block_comments: &[("<!--", "-->")],
            strings: true,
            triple_quote: false,
            backtick: false,
            case_insensitive_keywords: false,
            keywords: EMPTY_KW,
        },
        "json" => LangRule {
            line_comments: &[],
            block_comments: &[],
            strings: true,
            triple_quote: false,
            backtick: false,
            case_insensitive_keywords: false,
            keywords: &["true", "false", "null"],
        },
        "yaml" => LangRule {
            line_comments: &["#"],
            block_comments: &[],
            strings: true,
            triple_quote: false,
            backtick: false,
            case_insensitive_keywords: false,
            keywords: &["true", "false", "null", "yes", "no"],
        },
        "ini" => LangRule {
            line_comments: &["#", ";"],
            block_comments: &[],
            strings: true,
            triple_quote: false,
            backtick: false,
            case_insensitive_keywords: false,
            keywords: EMPTY_KW,
        },
        "dockerfile" => LangRule {
            line_comments: &["#"],
            block_comments: &[],
            strings: true,
            triple_quote: false,
            backtick: false,
            case_insensitive_keywords: true,
            keywords: &[
                "from", "run", "cmd", "label", "expose", "env", "add", "copy", "entrypoint",
                "volume", "user", "workdir", "arg", "onbuild", "stopsignal", "healthcheck",
                "shell",
            ],
        },
        "makefile" => LangRule {
            line_comments: &["#"],
            block_comments: &[],
            strings: true,
            triple_quote: false,
            backtick: false,
            case_insensitive_keywords: false,
            keywords: EMPTY_KW,
        },
        "graphql" => LangRule {
            line_comments: &["#"],
            block_comments: &[],
            strings: true,
            triple_quote: false,
            backtick: false,
            case_insensitive_keywords: false,
            keywords: &["query", "mutation", "subscription", "type", "input", "enum", "interface", "fragment", "on"],
        },
        // Language families without detailed specific rules: still
        // highlight comments/strings/numbers generically.
        "perl" => LangRule {
            line_comments: &["#"],
            block_comments: &[],
            strings: true,
            triple_quote: false,
            backtick: false,
            case_insensitive_keywords: false,
            keywords: &["my", "our", "sub", "if", "elsif", "else", "unless", "while", "for", "foreach", "return", "use", "package"],
        },
        "groovy" => LangRule {
            line_comments: &["//"],
            block_comments: &[("/*", "*/")],
            strings: true,
            triple_quote: false,
            backtick: false,
            case_insensitive_keywords: false,
            keywords: EMPTY_KW,
        },
        "r" => LangRule {
            line_comments: &["#"],
            block_comments: &[],
            strings: true,
            triple_quote: false,
            backtick: false,
            case_insensitive_keywords: false,
            keywords: &["function", "if", "else", "for", "while", "repeat", "break", "next", "return", "TRUE", "FALSE", "NULL", "NA"],
        },
        "diff" => LangRule {
            line_comments: &[],
            block_comments: &[],
            strings: false,
            triple_quote: false,
            backtick: false,
            case_insensitive_keywords: false,
            keywords: EMPTY_KW,
        },
        // markdown, plaintext, cmake, vbnet, dos, powershell, etc:
        // no specific highlighting, plain but formatted text.
        _ => LangRule {
            line_comments: &[],
            block_comments: &[],
            strings: false,
            triple_quote: false,
            backtick: false,
            case_insensitive_keywords: false,
            keywords: EMPTY_KW,
        },
    }
}

/// Cache of compiled regexes (one per language actually encountered).
static REGEX_CACHE: Lazy<std::sync::Mutex<HashMap<String, Option<Regex>>>> =
    Lazy::new(|| std::sync::Mutex::new(HashMap::new()));

fn build_regex(rule: &LangRule) -> Option<Regex> {
    let mut comment_alts: Vec<String> = Vec::new();
    for (start, end) in rule.block_comments {
        comment_alts.push(format!(
            "(?s:{}.*?{})",
            regex::escape(start),
            regex::escape(end)
        ));
    }
    for prefix in rule.line_comments {
        comment_alts.push(format!("{}[^\n]*", regex::escape(prefix)));
    }

    let mut string_alts: Vec<String> = Vec::new();
    if rule.triple_quote {
        string_alts.push(r#"(?s:"""(?:[^"\\]|\\.)*?""")"#.to_string());
        string_alts.push(r#"(?s:'''(?:[^'\\]|\\.)*?''')"#.to_string());
    }
    if rule.strings {
        string_alts.push(r#""(?:[^"\\\n]|\\.)*""#.to_string());
        string_alts.push(r#"'(?:[^'\\\n]|\\.)*'"#.to_string());
    }
    if rule.backtick {
        string_alts.push(r"(?s:`(?:[^`\\]|\\.)*`)".to_string());
    }

    let number_pat = r"\b0[xX][0-9a-fA-F]+\b|\b\d+\.\d+(?:[eE][+-]?\d+)?\b|\b\d+\b".to_string();

    let mut keyword_alt = String::new();
    if !rule.keywords.is_empty() {
        let escaped: Vec<String> = rule.keywords.iter().map(|k| regex::escape(k)).collect();
        let joined = escaped.join("|");
        keyword_alt = if rule.case_insensitive_keywords {
            format!("(?i:\\b(?:{})\\b)", joined)
        } else {
            format!("\\b(?:{})\\b", joined)
        };
    }

    let mut parts: Vec<String> = Vec::new();
    if !comment_alts.is_empty() {
        parts.push(format!("(?P<comment>{})", comment_alts.join("|")));
    }
    if !string_alts.is_empty() {
        parts.push(format!("(?P<string>{})", string_alts.join("|")));
    }
    parts.push(format!("(?P<number>{})", number_pat));
    if !keyword_alt.is_empty() {
        parts.push(format!("(?P<keyword>{})", keyword_alt));
    }

    if parts.is_empty() {
        return None;
    }

    Regex::new(&parts.join("|")).ok()
}

fn escape_html(s: &str) -> String {
    let mut out = String::with_capacity(s.len());
    for c in s.chars() {
        match c {
            '&' => out.push_str("&amp;"),
            '<' => out.push_str("&lt;"),
            '>' => out.push_str("&gt;"),
            '"' => out.push_str("&quot;"),
            '\'' => out.push_str("&#39;"),
            _ => out.push(c),
        }
    }
    out
}

/// Highlights the source code and returns HTML that's already escaped
/// and ready to insert inside a `<pre><code>...</code></pre>`.
/// No JavaScript involved: all the work happens here, in Rust,
/// at file-generation time.
pub fn highlight_code(content: &str, lang: &str) -> String {
    let rule = rule_for(lang);

    let regex_opt = {
        let mut cache = REGEX_CACHE.lock().unwrap();
        cache
            .entry(lang.to_string())
            .or_insert_with(|| build_regex(&rule))
            .clone()
    };

    let Some(re) = regex_opt else {
        return escape_html(content);
    };

    let mut out = String::with_capacity(content.len() + content.len() / 4);
    let mut last = 0;

    for caps in re.captures_iter(content) {
        let m = caps.get(0).unwrap();
        out.push_str(&escape_html(&content[last..m.start()]));

        let class = if caps.name("comment").is_some() {
            "c"
        } else if caps.name("string").is_some() {
            "s"
        } else if caps.name("number").is_some() {
            "n"
        } else if caps.name("keyword").is_some() {
            "k"
        } else {
            ""
        };

        let escaped_match = escape_html(m.as_str());
        if class.is_empty() {
            out.push_str(&escaped_match);
        } else {
            out.push_str(&format!("<span class=\"{}\">{}</span>", class, escaped_match));
        }
        last = m.end();
    }
    out.push_str(&escape_html(&content[last..]));
    out
}