K. I. Mohammed

22 papers Journal 22
YearRankTypeTitle / Venue / Authors
2022 J jnl
J. Ambient Intell. Humaniz. Comput.
Osamah Shihab Albahri, A. A. Zaidan, B. B. Zaidan, Ahmed Shihab Albahri, Ali H. Mohsin, K. I. Mohammed, M. A. Alsalem
2021 J jnl
Int. J. Inf. Technol. Decis. Mak.
Omar Zughoul, A. A. Zaidan, B. B. Zaidan, Osamah Shihab Albahri, Mamoun Alazab, U. Amomeni, Ahmed Shihab Albahri, Mahmood Maher Salih, R. T. Mohammed, K. I. Mohammed, Fayiz Momani, B. Amomeni
2021 J jnl
Multim. Tools Appl.
Ali H. Mohsin, A. A. Zaidan, B. B. Zaidan, K. I. Mohammed, Osamah Shihab Albahri, Ahmed Shihab Albahri, M. A. Alsalem
2021 J jnl
Expert Syst. Appl.
Abdullah Hussein Alamoodi, Bilal Bahaa Zaidan, Aws Alaa Zaidan, Osamah Shihab Albahri, K. I. Mohammed, Rami Qays Malik, Esam Motashar Almahdi, Mohammed A. Chyad, Ziadoon Tareq, Ahmed Shihab Albahri, Hamsa Hameed, Musaab Alaa
2021 J jnl
Comput. Biol. Medicine
Salem Garfan, Abdullah Hussein Alamoodi, B. B. Zaidan, Mohammed Al-Zobbi, Rula A. Hamid, Jwan K. Alwan, Ibraheem Y. Y. Ahmaro, Eman Thabet Khalid, F. M. Jumaah, Osamah Shihab Albahri, A. A. Zaidan, Ahmed Shihab Albahri, Z. T. Al-qaysi, Mohamed Aktham Ahmed, Moceheb Lazam Shuwandy, Mahmood Maher Salih, Omar Zughoul, K. I. Mohammed, Fayiz Momani
2020 J jnl
IEEE Access
K. I. Mohammed, Jafreezal Jaafar, A. A. Zaidan, Osamah Shihab Albahri, B. B. Zaidan, Karrar Hameed Abdulkareem, Ali Najm Jasim, Ali H. Shareef, M. J. Baqer, Ahmed Shihab Albahri, M. A. Alsalem, Abdullah Hussein Alamoodi
2020 J jnl
IEEE Access
Ali H. Mohsin, Nawar S. Jalood, M. J. Baqer, Abdullah Hussein Alamoodi, E. M. Almahdi, Ahmed Shihab Albahri, M. A. Alsalem, K. I. Mohammed, Hussein Ali Ameen, Salem Garfan, A. A. Zaidan, B. B. Zaidan, Osamah Shihab Albahri, Shamsul Arrieya bin Ariffin, Ahmed Alemran, Odai Enaizan, Ali H. Shareef, Ali Najm Jasim
2020 J jnl
Comput. Methods Programs Biomed.
K. I. Mohammed, A. A. Zaidan, B. B. Zaidan, Osamah Shihab Albahri, Ahmed Shihab Albahri, M. A. Alsalem, Ali H. Mohsin
2020 J jnl
J. Medical Syst.
Ahmed Shihab Albahri, Rula A. Hamid, Jwan K. Alwan, Z. T. Al-qays, A. A. Zaidan, B. B. Zaidan, Osamah Shihab Albahri, Abdullah Hussein Alamoodi, Jamal Mawlood Khlaf, E. M. Almahdi, Eman Thabet, Suha M. Hadi, K. I. Mohammed, M. A. Alsalem, Jameel R. Al-Obaidi, H. T. Madhloom
2019 J jnl
J. Medical Syst.
Ali H. Mohsin, A. A. Zaidan, B. B. Zaidan, Osamah Shihab Albahri, Ahmed Shihab Albahri, M. A. Alsalem, K. I. Mohammed
2019 J jnl
IEEE Access
Ahmed Shihab Albahri, Osamah Shihab Albahri, A. A. Zaidan, B. B. Zaidan, M. Hashim, M. A. Alsalem, Ali H. Mohsin, K. I. Mohammed, Abdullah Hussein Alamoodi, Odai Enaizan, Shahad Nidhal, Omar Zughoul, Fayiz Momani, Mohammed A. Chyad, Karrar Hameed Abdulkareem, Kareem Abbas Dawood, E. M. Almahdi, Ghailan A. Al Shafeey, M. J. Baqer
2019 J jnl
Comput. Stand. Interfaces
Ali H. Mohsin, A. A. Zaidan, B. B. Zaidan, Osamah Shihab Albahri, Ahmed Shihab Albahri, M. A. Alsalem, K. I. Mohammed
2019 J jnl
Comput. Stand. Interfaces
Ali H. Mohsin, A. A. Zaidan, B. B. Zaidan, Osamah Shihab Albahri, Ahmed Shihab Albahri, M. A. Alsalem, K. I. Mohammed
2019 J jnl
IEEE Access
Osamah Shihab Albahri, Ahmed Shihab Albahri, A. A. Zaidan, B. B. Zaidan, M. A. Alsalem, Ali H. Mohsin, K. I. Mohammed, Abdullah Hussein Alamoodi, Shahad Nidhal, Odai Enaizan, Mohammed A. Chyad, Karrar Hameed Abdulkareem, E. M. Almahdi, Ghailan A. Al Shafeey, M. J. Baqer, Ali Najm Jasim, Nawar S. Jalood, Ali H. Shareef
2019 J jnl
J. Medical Syst.
M. A. Alsalem, A. A. Zaidan, B. B. Zaidan, Osamah Shihab Albahri, Abdullah Hussein Alamoodi, Ahmed Shihab Albahri, Ali H. Mohsin, K. I. Mohammed
2019 J jnl
IEEE Access
Ali H. Mohsin, Ali Najm Jasim, Ali H. Shareef, A. A. Zaidan, B. B. Zaidan, Osamah Shihab Albahri, Ahmed Shihab Albahri, M. A. Alsalem, K. I. Mohammed, Shahad Nidhal, Nawar S. Jalood
2019 J jnl
J. Medical Syst.
K. I. Mohammed, A. A. Zaidan, B. B. Zaidan, Osamah Shihab Albahri, M. A. Alsalem, Ahmed Shihab Albahri, Ali Hadi, M. Hashim
2019 J jnl
J. Medical Syst.
Mohammed Talal, A. A. Zaidan, B. B. Zaidan, Ahmed Shihab Albahri, Abdullah Hussein Alamoodi, Osamah Shihab Albahri, M. A. Alsalem, Chen Kim Lim, Kian Lam Tan, W. L. Shir, K. I. Mohammed
2018 J jnl
J. Medical Syst.
Ali H. Mohsin, A. A. Zaidan, B. B. Zaidan, Shamsul Arrieya Ariffin, Osamah Shihab Albahri, Ahmed Shihab Albahri, M. A. Alsalem, K. I. Mohammed, M. Hashim
2018 J jnl
J. Medical Syst.
Ali H. Mohsin, A. A. Zaidan, B. B. Zaidan, Ahmed Shihab Albahri, Osamah Shihab Albahri, M. A. Alsalem, K. I. Mohammed
2018 J jnl
J. Medical Syst.
Osamah Shihab Albahri, Ahmed Shihab Albahri, K. I. Mohammed, A. A. Zaidan, B. B. Zaidan, M. Hashim, Omar Hussein Salman
2018 J jnl
J. Medical Syst.
M. A. Alsalem, A. A. Zaidan, B. B. Zaidan, M. Hashim, Osamah Shihab Albahri, Ahmed Shihab Albahri, Ali Hadi, K. I. Mohammed
redb/extractors/apk_extractors/apk_signature.py
← Index redb/extractors/apk_extractors/apk_signature.py python
import hashlib
import inspect
from datetime import datetime, timezone
from typing import Any, Optional, Tuple

from redb.extractors.enum import Tag
from redb.extractors.apk_extractor import APKExtractor
from redb.models.dataclasses import APKCertificate, APKCodeSigningInfo


# OID to RFC 4514 short name mapping
_OID_SHORT_NAMES = {
    '2.5.4.3': 'CN', '2.5.4.6': 'C', '2.5.4.7': 'L', '2.5.4.8': 'ST',
    '2.5.4.10': 'O', '2.5.4.11': 'OU', '1.2.840.113549.1.9.1': 'E',
    '2.5.4.5': 'SERIALNUMBER', '2.5.4.12': 'T', '2.5.4.42': 'GN',
    '2.5.4.4': 'SN', '2.5.4.9': 'STREET', '2.5.4.17': 'POSTALCODE',
}


def _asn1_name_to_rfc4514(name):
    """Convert an asn1crypto x509.Name to RFC 4514 string (CN=..., O=...)."""
    parts = []
    for rdn in name.chosen:
        for attr in rdn:
            oid = attr['type'].dotted
            val = attr['value'].native
            short = _OID_SHORT_NAMES.get(oid, oid)
            parts.append(f'{short}={val}')
    return ', '.join(parts)


class APKSignatureExtractor(APKExtractor):

    def __init__(
        self, filepath, log, exporters=None, index_prefix=None,
        known_benign=False, known_malicious=False,
        apk=None,
    ):
        super().__init__(
            filepath, log, exporters, index_prefix,
            known_benign, known_malicious, apk,
        )
        self.signing_info = None
        self.log.debug(inspect.currentframe().f_code.co_name)

    def tag(self):
        return Tag.APK_SIGNATURE.value

    def _detect_signature_schemes(self):
        """Detect which APK signature schemes are present."""
        schemes = []
        try:
            if self.apk.is_signed_v1():
                schemes.append(1)
        except Exception:
            pass
        try:
            if self.apk.is_signed_v2():
                schemes.append(2)
        except Exception:
            pass
        try:
            if self.apk.is_signed_v3():
                schemes.append(3)
        except Exception:
            pass
        return schemes

    def _extract_certificate_info(self, cert, source_scheme=None):
        """Extract certificate details from an androguard certificate object."""
        try:
            # Subject and Issuer — asn1crypto doesn't have rfc4514_string, convert manually
            subject = _asn1_name_to_rfc4514(cert.subject)
            issuer = _asn1_name_to_rfc4514(cert.issuer)

            # Serial number
            serial = str(cert.serial_number)

            # Validity
            valid_from = cert.not_valid_before
            valid_to = cert.not_valid_after
            if isinstance(valid_from, datetime):
                valid_from = valid_from.strftime("%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S")
            else:
                valid_from = str(valid_from)
            if isinstance(valid_to, datetime):
                valid_to = valid_to.strftime("%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S")
            else:
                valid_to = str(valid_to)

            # Thumbprints
            cert_der = cert.dump()
            thumbprint_sha1 = hashlib.sha1(cert_der).hexdigest()
            thumbprint_sha256 = hashlib.sha256(cert_der).hexdigest()

            # Algorithm
            algorithm = None
            try:
                algorithm = cert.hash_algo
            except Exception:
                try:
                    algorithm = cert.signature_algo
                except Exception:
                    pass

            # Key size
            key_size = None
            try:
                pub_key = cert.public_key
                if hasattr(pub_key, 'bit_size'):
                    key_size = pub_key.bit_size
                elif hasattr(pub_key, 'key_size'):
                    key_size = pub_key.key_size
            except Exception:
                pass

            # Self-signed check
            is_self_signed = cert.subject == cert.issuer

            return APKCertificate(
                subject=subject,
                issuer=issuer,
                serial_number=serial,
                valid_from=valid_from,
                valid_to=valid_to,
                thumbprint_sha1=thumbprint_sha1,
                thumbprint_sha256=thumbprint_sha256,
                algorithm=algorithm,
                key_size=key_size,
                is_self_signed=is_self_signed,
                certificate_source_scheme=source_scheme,
            )
        except Exception as e:
            self.log.error(f"Error extracting certificate info: {e}")
            return None

    def _get_signer_certificate(self, schemes) -> Tuple[Optional[APKCertificate], Optional[str]]:
        """Identify the actual signer certificate using V3>V2>V1 priority.

        V2/V3: certificates[0] is the signer per spec.
        V1: androguard's get_certificate() does SignerInfo matching internally.

        Returns (signer_cert_info, source_scheme) or (None, None).
        """
        # V3 takes priority (Android 9+)
        if 3 in schemes:
            try:
                certs = self.apk.get_certificates_v3()
                if certs:
                    cert_info = self._extract_certificate_info(certs[0], source_scheme='v3')
                    if cert_info:
                        return cert_info, 'v3'
            except Exception as e:
                self.log.debug(f"V3 signer extraction failed: {e}")

        # V2 next (Android 7.0+)
        if 2 in schemes:
            try:
                certs = self.apk.get_certificates_v2()
                if certs:
                    cert_info = self._extract_certificate_info(certs[0], source_scheme='v2')
                    if cert_info:
                        return cert_info, 'v2'
            except Exception as e:
                self.log.debug(f"V2 signer extraction failed: {e}")

        # V1 fallback — androguard does SignerInfo.issuerAndSerialNumber matching
        if 1 in schemes:
            try:
                names = self.apk.get_signature_names()
                if names:
                    cert = self.apk.get_certificate(names[0])
                    if cert:
                        cert_info = self._extract_certificate_info(cert, source_scheme='v1')
                        if cert_info:
                            return cert_info, 'v1'
            except Exception as e:
                self.log.debug(f"V1 signer extraction failed: {e}")

        return None, None

    def _extract_all_certificates(self, schemes):
        """Extract all certificates with their source scheme tracked.

        Uses scheme-specific methods to preserve source information,
        deduplicating by thumbprint_sha1 and merging source schemes.
        """
        # cert thumbprint -> (APKCertificate, set of source schemes)
        seen = {}

        for scheme_num, method_name in [
            (3, 'get_certificates_v3'),
            (2, 'get_certificates_v2'),
            (1, 'get_certificates_v1'),
        ]:
            if scheme_num not in schemes:
                continue
            try:
                method = getattr(self.apk, method_name, None)
                if method is None:
                    continue
                certs = method()
                if not certs:
                    continue
                for cert in certs:
                    cert_info = self._extract_certificate_info(cert, source_scheme=f'v{scheme_num}')
                    if cert_info:
                        key = cert_info.thumbprint_sha1
                        if key in seen:
                            # Merge source schemes
                            existing_cert, existing_schemes = seen[key]
                            existing_schemes.add(f'v{scheme_num}')
                        else:
                            seen[key] = (cert_info, {f'v{scheme_num}'})
            except Exception as e:
                self.log.warning(f"Error extracting v{scheme_num} certificates: {e}")

        # Build final list with merged source schemes
        result = []
        for cert_info, source_schemes in seen.values():
            cert_info.certificate_source_scheme = ','.join(sorted(source_schemes))
            result.append(cert_info)

        return result

    def extract(self):
        if not self._is_valid_apk():
            self.log.error(f"Invalid APK for {self.hash.sha256}")
            return None

        schemes = self._detect_signature_schemes()
        is_signed = len(schemes) > 0

        # Extract all certificates with source scheme tracking
        certificates = self._extract_all_certificates(schemes)

        # Identify the actual signer using V3>V2>V1 priority
        signer_cert, signer_scheme = self._get_signer_certificate(schemes)

        apk_signer_subject = signer_cert.subject if signer_cert else None
        apk_signer_issuer = signer_cert.issuer if signer_cert else None

        self.signing_info = APKCodeSigningInfo(
            _id=self.sha256,
            is_signed=is_signed,
            signature_scheme_versions=schemes,
            number_of_certificates=len(certificates),
            x509_certificates=certificates if certificates else None,
            apk_signer_subject=apk_signer_subject,
            apk_signer_issuer=apk_signer_issuer,
        )
        return self.signing_info

    def prepare_export_data(self, exporter_type: str) -> Any:
        if exporter_type == "ClickHouseExporter":
            if not self.signing_info:
                return None

            current_time = datetime.now(timezone.utc)
            sig = self.signing_info

            # Signature summary table
            signature_data = [[
                self.sha256,
                int(sig.is_signed),
                sig.signature_scheme_versions,
                sig.number_of_certificates,
                sig.apk_signer_subject,
                sig.apk_signer_issuer,
                current_time,
            ]]

            # Certificates table (one row per certificate)
            certificates_data = []
            if sig.x509_certificates:
                for cert in sig.x509_certificates:
                    certificates_data.append([
                        self.sha256,
                        cert.subject,
                        cert.issuer,
                        cert.serial_number,
                        datetime.strptime(cert.valid_from, "%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S") if cert.valid_from else None,
                        datetime.strptime(cert.valid_to, "%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S") if cert.valid_to else None,
                        cert.thumbprint_sha1,
                        cert.algorithm,
                        cert.key_size,
                        int(cert.is_self_signed),
                        cert.certificate_source_scheme,
                        current_time,
                    ])

            return {
                'multi_table': True,
                'signature': {
                    'table': 'redb_apk_signature',
                    'data': signature_data,
                    'column_names': [
                        'sha256',
                        'is_signed', 'signature_scheme_versions',
                        'number_of_certificates',
                        'apk_signer_subject', 'apk_signer_issuer',
                        'analysis_date',
                    ],
                    'column_type_names': [
                        'FixedString(64)',
                        'UInt8', 'Array(UInt8)',
                        'UInt8',
                        'Nullable(String)', 'Nullable(String)',
                        "DateTime64(3, 'UTC')",
                    ],
                },
                'certificates': {
                    'table': 'redb_apk_certificates',
                    'data': certificates_data,
                    'column_names': [
                        'sha256', 'certificate_subject', 'certificate_issuer',
                        'certificate_serial_number',
                        'certificate_valid_from', 'certificate_valid_to',
                        'certificate_thumbprint',
                        'certificate_algorithm', 'key_size', 'is_self_signed',
                        'certificate_source_scheme',
                        'analysis_date',
                    ],
                    'column_type_names': [
                        'FixedString(64)', 'String', 'String', 'String',
                        "DateTime64(3, 'UTC')", "DateTime64(3, 'UTC')",
                        'FixedString(40)',
                        'LowCardinality(String)', 'Nullable(UInt16)', 'UInt8',
                        'LowCardinality(String)',
                        "DateTime64(3, 'UTC')",
                    ],
                },
            }

    def get_clickhouse_table(self) -> str:
        return "redb_apk_signature"