Jalil Nourmohammadi-Khiarak

14 papers B 2Journal 9Unranked 3
YearRankTypeTitle / Venue / Authors
2024 J jnl
CoRR
Jalil Nourmohammadi-Khiarak, Ammar Ahmadi, Taher Ak-bari Saeed, Meysam Asgari-Chenaghlu, Togrul Atabay, Mohammad Reza Baghban Karimi, Ismail Ceferli, Farzad Hasanvand, Seyed Mahboub Mousavi, Morteza Noshad
2023 J jnl
IEEE Trans. Inf. Forensics Secur.
Matej Vitek, Abhijit Das, Diego Rafael Lucio, Luiz Antonio Zanlorensi, David Menotti, Jalil Nourmohammadi-Khiarak, Mohsen Akbari Shahpar, Meysam Asgari-Chenaghlu, Farhang Jaryani, Juan E. Tapia, Andres Valenzuela, Caiyong Wang, Yunlong Wang, Zhaofeng He, Zhenan Sun, Fadi Boutros, Naser Damer, Jonas Henry Grebe, Arjan Kuijper, Kiran B. Raja, Gourav Gupta, Georgios Zampoukis, Lazaros T. Tsochatzidis, Ioannis Pratikakis, S. V. Aruna Kumar, B. S. Harish, Umapada Pal, Peter Peer, Vitomir Struc
2023 J jnl
Iran J. Comput. Sci.
Jalil Nourmohammadi-Khiarak, Amin Golzari Oskouei, Samaneh Salehi Nasab, Farhang Jaryani, Seyed Naeim Moafinejad, Rana Pourmohamad, Yasin Amini, Morteza Noshad
2021 J jnl
CoRR
Jalil Nourmohammadi-Khiarak, Samaneh Salehi Nasab, Farhang Jaryani, Seyed Naeim Moafinejad, Rana Pourmohamad, Yasin Amini, Morteza Noshad
2021 B conf
IJCB
Caiyong Wang, Yunlong Wang, Kunbo Zhang, Jawad Muhammad, Tianhao Lu, Qi Zhang, Qichuan Tian, Zhaofeng He, Zhenan Sun, Yiwen Zhang, Tianbao Liu, Wei Yang, Dongliang Wu, Yingfeng Liu, Ruiye Zhou, HuiHai Wu, Hao Zhang, Junbao Wang, Jiayi Wang, Wantong Xiong, Xueyu Shi, Shao Zeng, Peihua Li, Haodong Sun, Jing Wang, Jiale Zhang, Qi Wang, Huijie Wu, Xinhui Zhang, Haiqing Li, Yu Chen, Liang Chen, Menghan Zhang, Ye Sun, Zhiyong Zhou, Fadi Boutros, Naser Damer, Arjan Kuijper, Juan E. Tapia, Andres Valenzuela, Christoph Busch, Gourav Gupta, Kiran B. Raja, Xi Wu, Xiaojie Li, Jingfu Yang, Hongyan Jing, Xin Wang, Bin Kong, Youbing Yin, Qi Song, Siwei Lyu, Shu Hu, Leon Premk, Matej Vitek, Vitomir Struc, Peter Peer, Jalil Nourmohammadi-Khiarak, Farhang Jaryani, Samaneh Salehi Nasab, Seyed Naeim Moafinejad, Yasin Amini, Morteza Noshad
2021 J jnl
CoRR
Jalil Nourmohammadi-Khiarak
2021 J jnl
CoRR
Jalil Nourmohammadi-Khiarak
2020 J jnl
J. Intell. Syst.
Jalil Nourmohammadi-Khiarak, Yashar Zamani-Harghalani, Mohammad-Reza Feizi-Derakhshi
2020 J jnl
Iran J. Comput. Sci.
Jalil Nourmohammadi-Khiarak, Mohammad-Reza Feizi-Derakhshi, Fatemeh Razeghi, Samaneh Mazaheri, Yashar Zamani-Harghalani, Rohollah Moosavi Tayebi
2020 B conf
IJCB
Matej Vitek, Abhijit Das, Yann Pourcenoux, Alexandre Missler, C. Paumier, Sumanta Das, Ishita De Ghosh, Diego Rafael Lucio, Luiz Antonio Zanlorensi, David Menotti, Fadi Boutros, Naser Damer, Jonas Henry Grebe, Arjan Kuijper, Junxing Hu, Yong He, Caiyong Wang, H. Liu, Yunlong Wang, Zhenan Sun, Dailé Osorio Roig, Christian Rathgeb, Christoph Busch, Juan E. Tapia, Andres Valenzuela, Georgios Zampoukis, Lazaros T. Tsochatzidis, Ioannis Pratikakis, Sabari Nathan, Ramamoorthy Suganya, Vineet Mehta, Abhinav Dhall, Kiran B. Raja, Gourav Gupta, Jalil Nourmohammadi-Khiarak, Mohsen Akbari-Shahper, Farhang Jaryani, Meysam Asgari-Chenaghlu, Ritesh Vyas, Sristi Dakshit, Peter Peer, Umapada Pal, Vitomir Struc
2019 J jnl
CoRR
Ziga Emersic, S. V. Aruna Kumar, B. S. Harish, Weronika Gutfeter, Jalil Nourmohammadi-Khiarak, Andrzej Pacut, Earnest E. Hansley, Maurício Pamplona Segundo, Sudeep Sarkar, Hyeonjung Park, Gi Pyo Nam, Ig-Jae Kim, Sagar G. Sangodkar, Ümit Kaçar, Murvet Kirci, Li Yuan, Jishou Yuan, Haonan Zhao, Fei Lu, Junying Mao, Xiaoshuang Zhang, Dogucan Yaman, Fevziye Irem Eyiokur, Kadir Bulut Özler, Hazim Kemal Ekenel, Debbrota Paul Chowdhury, Sambit Bakshi, Pankaj Kumar Sa, Banshidhar Majhi, Peter Peer, Vitomir Struc
2019 conf
ICB
Ziga Emersic, Hyeonjung Park, Gi Pyo Nam, Ig-Jae Kim, Sagar G. Sangodkar, Umit Kacar, Murvet Kirci, Li Yuan, Jishou Yuan, Haonan Zhao, Fei Lu, S. V. Aruna Kumar, Junying Mao, Xiaoshuang Zhang, Doggucan Yaman, Fevziye Irem Eyiokur, Kadir Bulut Özler, Hazim Kemal Ekenel, Debbrota Paul Chowdhury, Sambit Bakshi, Pankaj Kumar Sa, Banshidhar Majhi, B. S. Harish, Peter Peer, Vitomir Struc, Weronika Gutfeter, Jalil Nourmohammadi-Khiarak, Andrzej Pacut, Earnest E. Hansley, Maurício Pamplona Segundo, Sudeep Sarkar
2018 conf
ICCST
Jalil Nourmohammadi-Khiarak, Andrzej Pacut
2018 conf
SPA
Jalil Nourmohammadi-Khiarak, Samaneh Mazaheri, Rohollah Moosavi Tayebi, Hamid Noorbakhsh-Devlagh
redb/extractors/js_extractors/js_strings.py
← Index redb/extractors/js_extractors/js_strings.py python
import base64
import bisect
import inspect
import re
from datetime import datetime, timezone
from typing import Any

from redb.extractors.enum import Tag
from redb.extractors.js_extractor import JSExtractor
from redb.extractors.js_extractors.js_patterns import STRING_PATTERNS, line_offsets

# Local aliases for the compiled patterns this extractor uses. Defined and
# compiled exactly once in js_patterns.STRING_PATTERNS.
_HEX_STRING_RE = STRING_PATTERNS["hex_escape_seq"]
_UNICODE_STRING_RE = STRING_PATTERNS["unicode_escape_seq"]
_CHARCODE_RE = STRING_PATTERNS["charcode_call"]
_BASE64_STRING_RE = STRING_PATTERNS["base64_quoted"]
_CONCAT_STRING_RE = STRING_PATTERNS["concat_chain"]

# Tokeniser used inside _reconstruct_concat to pull each quoted part out of a
# matched concat chain. Compiled once at module load (was recompiled on every
# concat match before).
_CONCAT_TOKEN_RE = re.compile(r'["\']([^"\']*)["\']')


class JSStringsExtractor(JSExtractor):

    def __init__(
        self, filepath, log, exporters=None, index_prefix=None,
        known_benign=False, known_malicious=False, source=None, context=None,
    ):
        super().__init__(
            filepath, log, exporters, index_prefix,
            known_benign, known_malicious, source, context=context,
        )
        self.string_findings = None
        self.log.debug(inspect.currentframe().f_code.co_name)

    def tag(self):
        return Tag.JS_STRINGS.value

    def _decode_hex_string(self, hex_str):
        """Decode \\x41\\x42 style hex strings."""
        try:
            # Remove \\x prefix and decode
            clean = hex_str.replace('\\x', '')
            return bytes.fromhex(clean).decode('utf-8', errors='replace')
        except Exception:
            return None

    def _decode_unicode_string(self, uni_str):
        """Decode \\u0041\\u0042 style unicode strings."""
        try:
            return uni_str.encode('utf-8').decode('unicode_escape')
        except Exception:
            return None

    def _decode_charcode(self, charcode_str):
        """Decode String.fromCharCode(72, 101, 108, ...) sequences."""
        try:
            codes = [int(c.strip()) for c in charcode_str.split(',') if c.strip().isdigit()]
            return ''.join(chr(c) for c in codes if 0 <= c <= 0x10FFFF)
        except Exception:
            return None

    def _decode_base64(self, b64_str):
        """Attempt to decode base64 string."""
        try:
            decoded = base64.b64decode(b64_str)
            # Check if result is printable text
            text = decoded.decode('utf-8', errors='strict')
            # Only return if it looks like text (>80% printable)
            printable = sum(1 for c in text if c.isprintable() or c in '\n\r\t')
            if printable / len(text) > 0.8:
                return text
        except Exception:
            pass
        return None

    def _reconstruct_concat(self, concat_match):
        """Reconstruct concatenated string parts."""
        try:
            parts = _CONCAT_TOKEN_RE.findall(concat_match)
            return ''.join(parts)
        except Exception:
            return None

    def _find_line_number(self, match_start):
        """1-indexed line number for `match_start`, looked up in O(log L) via
        bisect over `self._line_offsets` (built once per extract() call).

        Replaces the historical `self.js_source[:match_start].count('\\n') + 1`
        which was O(N) per call and quadratic across all matches in a sample.
        """
        return bisect.bisect_right(self._line_offsets, match_start)

    def _scan_text(self, text):
        """Run every encoded-string pattern over `text` and return a list of
        finding dicts. Stateless apart from the per-call `_line_offsets` cache,
        which `_find_line_number` reads — callers must reset it before invoking
        this so line numbers reference the text being scanned, not the previous
        one.
        """
        findings = []

        # Hex-encoded strings
        for m in _HEX_STRING_RE.finditer(text):
            raw = m.group()
            decoded = self._decode_hex_string(raw)
            if decoded and len(decoded) >= 4:
                findings.append({
                    'string': decoded[:4000],
                    'string_raw': raw[:4000],
                    'string_encoding': 'hex',
                    'string_offset': self._find_line_number(m.start()),
                    'string_length': len(decoded),
                    'string_raw_length': len(raw),
                    'string_entropy': self._calculate_text_entropy(decoded),
                })

        # Unicode-encoded strings
        for m in _UNICODE_STRING_RE.finditer(text):
            raw = m.group()
            decoded = self._decode_unicode_string(raw)
            if decoded and len(decoded) >= 3:
                findings.append({
                    'string': decoded[:4000],
                    'string_raw': raw[:4000],
                    'string_encoding': 'unicode',
                    'string_offset': self._find_line_number(m.start()),
                    'string_length': len(decoded),
                    'string_raw_length': len(raw),
                    'string_entropy': self._calculate_text_entropy(decoded),
                })

        # String.fromCharCode sequences
        for m in _CHARCODE_RE.finditer(text):
            raw = m.group()
            decoded = self._decode_charcode(m.group(1))
            if decoded and len(decoded) >= 4:
                findings.append({
                    'string': decoded[:4000],
                    'string_raw': raw[:4000],
                    'string_encoding': 'charcode',
                    'string_offset': self._find_line_number(m.start()),
                    'string_length': len(decoded),
                    'string_raw_length': len(raw),
                    'string_entropy': self._calculate_text_entropy(decoded),
                })

        # Base64-encoded strings
        for m in _BASE64_STRING_RE.finditer(text):
            raw = m.group(0)
            b64_val = m.group(1)
            decoded = self._decode_base64(b64_val)
            if decoded and len(decoded) >= 10:
                findings.append({
                    'string': decoded[:4000],
                    'string_raw': raw[:4000],
                    'string_encoding': 'base64',
                    'string_offset': self._find_line_number(m.start()),
                    'string_length': len(decoded),
                    'string_raw_length': len(raw),
                    'string_entropy': self._calculate_text_entropy(decoded),
                })

        # Concatenated strings (reassembled)
        for m in _CONCAT_STRING_RE.finditer(text):
            raw = m.group()
            reconstructed = self._reconstruct_concat(raw)
            if reconstructed and len(reconstructed) >= 20:
                findings.append({
                    'string': reconstructed[:4000],
                    'string_raw': raw[:4000],
                    'string_encoding': 'concat',
                    'string_offset': self._find_line_number(m.start()),
                    'string_length': len(reconstructed),
                    'string_raw_length': len(raw),
                    'string_entropy': self._calculate_text_entropy(reconstructed),
                })

        return findings

    def extract(self):
        src = self.js_source
        if not src:
            return None

        # Pass 1: raw source. _line_offsets is keyed off whichever text is
        # currently being scanned so _find_line_number resolves to that text.
        self._line_offsets = line_offsets(src)
        findings = self._scan_text(src)

        # Pass 2: deobfuscated text, when the deobfuscator produced something
        # meaningfully different. Same patterns, but a different surface — for
        # samples where the encoded payload is hidden behind an outer wrapper
        # (e.g. array.join() + eval in Vjw0rm/WSH-RAT) only this pass yields
        # any rows at all.
        deobf_text, _ = self._context.deobfuscated
        if deobf_text and deobf_text != src:
            self._line_offsets = line_offsets(deobf_text)
            findings.extend(self._scan_text(deobf_text))

        if not findings:
            return None

        # Deduplicate by decoded string value (raw pass wins on collision: it
        # comes first in `findings`). A string that surfaces only in the
        # deobfuscated text still gets persisted, which is the whole point of
        # the second pass.
        seen_values = set()
        deduped = []
        for f in findings:
            val_key = f['string'][:100]
            if val_key not in seen_values:
                seen_values.add(val_key)
                deduped.append(f)

        self.string_findings = deduped[:500]  # Limit per file
        # Publish to the shared context so post-loop consumers (notably the IOC
        # plumbing in workers.py) can scrape the decoded strings without
        # holding a reference to this extractor instance.
        self._context.decoded_strings = self.string_findings
        return self.string_findings

    def prepare_export_data(self, exporter_type: str) -> Any:
        if exporter_type == "ClickHouseExporter":
            if not self.string_findings:
                return None

            data = []
            for f in self.string_findings:
                data.append([
                    self.sha256,
                    f['string'],
                    f['string_raw'],
                    f['string_encoding'],
                    f['string_offset'],
                    f['string_length'],
                    f['string_raw_length'],
                    f['string_entropy'],
                ])

            column_names = [
                "sha256",
                "string",
                "string_raw",
                "string_encoding",
                "string_offset",
                "string_length",
                "string_raw_length",
                "string_entropy",
            ]

            column_type_names = [
                "FixedString(64)",
                "String",
                "String",
                "LowCardinality(String)",
                "UInt64",
                "UInt32",
                "UInt32",
                "Float32",
            ]

            return (data, column_names, column_type_names)

    def get_clickhouse_table(self) -> str:
        return "code_binja_strings_raw"