Hadjer Benkraouda

14 papers A* 4A 1Misc 1Journal 6Unranked 2
YearRankTypeTitle / Venue / Authors
2025 J jnl
CoRR
Ragini Gupta, Shinan Liu, Ruixiao Zhang, Xinyue Hu, Pranav Kommaraju, Xiaoyang Wang, Hadjer Benkraouda, Nick Feamster, Klara Nahrstedt
2025 J jnl
CoRR
Jiawei Liu, Nirav Diwan, Zhe Wang, Haoyu Zhai, Xiaona Zhou, Kiet A. Nguyen, Tianjiao Yu, Muntasir Wahed, Yinlin Deng, Hadjer Benkraouda, Yuxiang Wei, Lingming Zhang, Ismini Lourentzou, Gang Wang
2025 A* conf
SP
Hadjer Benkraouda, Nirav Diwan, Gang Wang
2024 A* conf
CHI
Chenkai Wang, Zhuofan Jia, Hadjer Benkraouda, Cody Zevnik, Nicholas Heuermann, Roopa Foulger, Jonathan A. Handler, Gang Wang
2023 A* conf
SP
Jaron Mink, Hadjer Benkraouda, Limin Yang, Arridhana Ciptadi, Ali Ahmadzadeh, Daniel Votipka, Gang Wang
2023 conf
CPSIOTSEC@CCS
Hadjer Benkraouda, Anand Agrawal, Dimitrios Tychalas, Marios Sazos, Michail Maniatakos
2022 J jnl
IEEE Trans. Biom. Behav. Identity Sci.
Esha Sarkar, Hadjer Benkraouda, Gopika Krishnan, Homer Gamil, Michail Maniatakos
2022 J jnl
Trans. Emerg. Telecommun. Technol.
Ezedin Barka, Chaker Abdelaziz Kerrache, Hadjer Benkraouda, Khaled Shuaib, Farhan Ahmad, Fatih Kurugollu
2021 J jnl
CoRR
Hadjer Benkraouda, Jingyu Qian, Hung Quoc Tran, Berkay Kaplan
2021 A* conf
USENIX Security Symposium
Dimitrios Tychalas, Hadjer Benkraouda, Michail Maniatakos
2021 conf
DistributedML@CoNEXT
Hadjer Benkraouda, Klara Nahrstedt
2020 J jnl
CoRR
Esha Sarkar, Hadjer Benkraouda, Michail Maniatakos
2020 A conf
AsiaCCS
Esha Sarkar, Hadjer Benkraouda, Michail Maniatakos
2020 Misc conf
VTS
Hadjer Benkraouda, Muhammad Ashif Chakkantakath, Anastasis Keliris, Michail Maniatakos
docs/new-code-binja-schema.md
← Index docs/new-code-binja-schema.md markdown
#################################
###### CODE RELATED TABLES ######
#################################

### CREATE FULL REDB DATABASE
def create_decompiled_binja_with_all_tables(client):
    create_phase1_decompiled_binja_tables(client)

#### CREATE FULL TABLES
def create_phase1_decompiled_binja_tables(client):
    create_function_analysis_error_dbtable(client)
    create_binja_decompiled_dbtable(client)
    create_binja_disassembly_dbtable(client)
    create_binja_cfg_dbtable(client)

#################################
### DECOMPILED BINJA INDIVIDUAL TABLES
#################################
def create_function_analysis_error_dbtable(client):
    client.command("""
    CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS function_analysis_errors_binja (
        sha256 FixedString(64),
        function_name Nullable(String) CODEC(ZSTD(3)),
        function_address UInt64,
        error_location LowCardinality(String) CODEC(ZSTD(3)),
        error_message Nullable(String) CODEC(ZSTD(3)),
        error_details Nullable(String) CODEC(ZSTD(3)),
        error_type Nullable(String) CODEC(ZSTD(3)),
        error_hash FixedString(32), -- MD5, To help identify duplicate errors
        status Enum8('new' = 1, 'investigating' = 2, 'fixed' = 3, 'wontfix' = 4) DEFAULT 'new',
        analysis_date DateTime64(3, 'UTC'),
        PRIMARY KEY (sha256, function_address, error_location)
    )
    ENGINE = MergeTree()
    ORDER BY (sha256, function_address, error_location);
    """)

def create_binja_decompiled_dbtable(client):
    # Create decompiled_functions_content table
    client.command("""
    CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS code_binja_decompiled_functions_content (
        decompiled_function_hash FixedString(64),
        decompiled_function String CODEC(ZSTD(3)),
        decompiled_function_lower String MATERIALIZED lower(decompiled_function) CODEC(ZSTD(3)),
        function_type Enum8('USER'=1, 'LIBRARY'=2, 'THUNK'=3, 'EXTERNAL'=4, 'UNKNOWN'=5) DEFAULT 'UNKNOWN',  -- NOT NULL TODO: remove THUNK and EXTERNAL
        flattened_score Nullable(Float64),
        mba_score Nullable(Float64),
        analysis_date DateTime64(3, 'UTC'),

        INDEX idx_function_content_token lower(decompiled_function) TYPE tokenbf_v1(32768, 3, 0) GRANULARITY 1,
        --- INDEX idx_text_decompiled_function decompiled_function TYPE text(tokenizer = 'splitByNonAlpha', preprocessor = lower(decompiled_function)) GRANULARITY 64,
        INDEX idx_func_hash decompiled_function_hash TYPE bloom_filter GRANULARITY 1,
    ) ENGINE = ReplacingMergeTree(analysis_date)
    PRIMARY KEY decompiled_function_hash -- TODO: remove is redundant
    ORDER BY decompiled_function_hash;
    """)

    # Create decompiled_functions_references table
    client.command("""
    CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS code_binja_decompiled_functions_references (
        sha256 FixedString(64),
        sha1 FixedString(40),
        md5 FixedString(32),
        decompiled_function_hash FixedString(64),
        disassembled_function_hash Nullable(FixedString(64)),
        decompiled_function_name LowCardinality(String),
        decompiled_function_prototype LowCardinality(String),
        decompiled_function_address UInt64,
        functions_caller Array(String),
        functions_call Array(String),

        INDEX idx_sha256 sha256 TYPE bloom_filter GRANULARITY 1,
        INDEX idx_func_hash decompiled_function_hash TYPE bloom_filter GRANULARITY 1,
        INDEX idx_func_name decompiled_function_name TYPE tokenbf_v1(32768, 3, 0) GRANULARITY 1,
        INDEX idx_func_addr decompiled_function_address TYPE minmax GRANULARITY 1,
        analysis_date DateTime64(3, 'UTC')
    ) ENGINE = ReplacingMergeTree(analysis_date)
    ORDER BY (sha256, decompiled_function_hash);
    """)

def create_binja_disassembly_dbtable(client):
    # Create disassembly_functions_content table
    client.command("""
    CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS code_binja_disassembled_functions_content (
        -- Content hashes for each normalization level
        disassembled_function_hash FixedString(64),             -- This is the hash of the disassembled function without addresses
        
        -- The actual function content at different normalization levels
        disassembled_function String CODEC(ZSTD(3)),
        disassembled_function_no_addresses String CODEC(ZSTD(3)),

        -- Function 
        function_type Enum8('USER'=1, 'LIBRARY'=2, 'THUNK'=3, 'EXTERNAL'=4, 'UNKNOWN'=5) DEFAULT 'UNKNOWN',  -- NOT NULL TODO: remove THUNK and EXTERNAL

        -- Analysis fields
        instructions_count UInt32,
        instructions_types Array(LowCardinality(String)), -- Types of instructions used
        control_flow_count UInt32,                      -- Number of control flow instructions
        memory_access_pattern Array(LowCardinality(String)),  -- Patterns of memory access
        register_usage Array(LowCardinality(String)),         -- Types of registers used
        data_references_count UInt32,                   -- Number of data references
        opcode_frequency_vector Array(Float32),-- Not computed yet
        api_calls_vector Array(Float32),-- Not computed yet
        minhash_signature Array(UInt64),-- Not computed yet
        max_block_size Nullable(UInt32),
        num_calls Nullable(UInt32),
        stack_size Nullable(Int32),
        instruction_type_ratios Array(Float32), -- Not computed yet
        instruction_embedding Array(Float32), -- Not computed yet
        analysis_date DateTime64(3, 'UTC'),

        -- Indexes for each normalization level
        INDEX idx_disasm_ngram disassembled_function TYPE ngrambf_v1(3, 32768, 3, 0) GRANULARITY 1,
        INDEX idx_function_type function_type TYPE set(10) GRANULARITY 1,
        INDEX idx_instr_count instructions_count TYPE minmax GRANULARITY 4

    ) ENGINE = ReplacingMergeTree(analysis_date)
    ORDER BY (disassembled_function_hash);
    """)

    client.command("""
    CREATE TABLE code_binja_disassembled_functions_references
    (
        -- Original fields
        sha256 FixedString(64),
        sha1 FixedString(40),
        md5 FixedString(32),
        disassembled_function_hash FixedString(64),
        decompiled_function_hash Nullable(FixedString(64)),

        disassembled_function_name LowCardinality(String),
        disassembled_function_address UInt64,
        analysis_date DateTime64(3, 'UTC'),
        
        -- New hash fields moved from content table
        ssdeep_disassembly Nullable(String),
        tlsh_disassembly Nullable(FixedString(72)),
        ssdeep_llil Nullable(String),
        tlsh_llil Nullable(FixedString(72)),
        
        -- OPTIMIZED INDEXES for all search patterns
        INDEX idx_func_addr disassembled_function_address TYPE minmax GRANULARITY 1,
        INDEX idx_sha256 sha256 TYPE bloom_filter GRANULARITY 1,
        INDEX idx_tlsh_disasm tlsh_disassembly TYPE bloom_filter GRANULARITY 1,
        INDEX idx_ssdeep_disasm ssdeep_disassembly TYPE bloom_filter GRANULARITY 1,
        INDEX idx_tlsh_llil tlsh_llil TYPE bloom_filter GRANULARITY 1,
        INDEX idx_ssdeep_norm ssdeep_llil TYPE bloom_filter GRANULARITY 1,
        INDEX idx_func_name disassembled_function_name TYPE tokenbf_v1(32768, 3, 0) GRANULARITY 2
    )
    ENGINE = ReplacingMergeTree(analysis_date)
    -- OPTIMIZED ORDER BY: Primary query pattern first, then hash fields for locality
    ORDER BY (sha256, disassembled_function_hash)
    SETTINGS index_granularity = 8192
    """)

def create_binja_llil_dbtable(client):
    # Create llil_functions_content table
    client.command("""
    CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS code_binja_llil_functions_content (
        -- Content hashes for each normalization level
        llil_function_hash FixedString(64),             -- sha256_llil This is the hash of the disassembled function without addresses

        -- Function 
        function_type Enum8('USER'=1, 'LIBRARY'=2, 'THUNK'=3, 'EXTERNAL'=4, 'UNKNOWN'=5) DEFAULT 'UNKNOWN',  -- NOT NULL TODO: remove THUNK and EXTERNAL

        -- Analysis fields
        instructions_types_llil Array(LowCardinality(String)), -- Types of instructions used
        control_flow_count_llil UInt32,                      -- Number of control flow instructions
        memory_access_pattern_llil Array(LowCardinality(String)),  -- Patterns of memory access
        register_usage_llil Map(LowCardinality(String), Tuple(UInt32, UInt32)),         -- Types of registers used
        total_reg_reads UInt32,
        total_reg_written UInt32,
        data_references_count UInt32,                   -- Number of data references
        max_block_size Nullable(UInt32),
        num_calls Nullable(UInt32),
        stack_size Nullable(Int32),
        body_llil_vector Array(Tuple(UInt32, Array(UInt16))),
        analysis_date DateTime64(3, 'UTC'),

        -- Indexes for each normalization level
        INDEX function_type_idx function_type TYPE set(10) GRANULARITY 1,
        INDEX idx_reg_usage mapKeys(register_usage_llil) TYPE bloom_filter(0.01) GRANULARITY 1

    ) ENGINE = ReplacingMergeTree(analysis_date)
    ORDER BY llil_function_hash;
    """)

    client.command("""
    CREATE TABLE code_binja_llil_functions_references
    (
        -- Original fields
        sha256 FixedString(64),
        sha1 FixedString(40),
        md5 FixedString(32),
        llil_function_hash Nullable(FixedString(64)),
        disassembled_function_hash FixedString(64),
        
        -- New hash fields moved from content table
        ssdeep_disassembly Nullable(String),
        tlsh_disassembly Nullable(FixedString(72)),
        ssdeep_llil Nullable(String),
        tlsh_llil Nullable(FixedString(72)),

        analysis_date DateTime64(3, 'UTC'),
        
        -- OPTIMIZED INDEXES for all search patterns
        INDEX idx_sha256 sha256 TYPE bloom_filter GRANULARITY 1,
        INDEX idx_tlsh_disasm tlsh_disassembly TYPE bloom_filter GRANULARITY 1,
        INDEX idx_ssdeep_disasm ssdeep_disassembly TYPE bloom_filter GRANULARITY 1,
        INDEX idx_tlsh_llil tlsh_llil TYPE bloom_filter GRANULARITY 1,
        INDEX idx_ssdeep_llil ssdeep_llil TYPE bloom_filter GRANULARITY 1,
    )
    ENGINE = ReplacingMergeTree(analysis_date)
    -- OPTIMIZED ORDER BY: Primary query pattern first, then hash fields for locality
    ORDER BY (sha256, function_address)
    SETTINGS index_granularity = 8192
    """)

def create_binja_cfg_dbtable(client):
    client.command("""
    CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS code_binja_cfg_blocks_content (
        block_instructions_hash FixedString(64), -- PK
        block_size UInt32,
        instructions_count UInt16,
        branch_type Enum8('DIRECT'=1, 'CONDITIONAL'=2, 'CALL'=3, 'RETURN'=4, 'FALLTHROUGH'=5, 'INDIRECT'=6, 'UNKNOWN'=7),
        block_type Enum8('CODE'=1, 'DATA'=2, 'THUNK'=3),
        flags Array(String),
        analysis_date DateTime64(3, 'UTC'),

        -- Indexes for filtering/analysis
        INDEX idx_branch_type branch_type TYPE set(10) GRANULARITY 4,
        INDEX idx_block_type block_type TYPE set(5) GRANULARITY 4,
        INDEX idx_instr_count instructions_count TYPE minmax GRANULARITY 4,
        INDEX idx_block_size block_size TYPE minmax GRANULARITY 4
    )
    ENGINE = ReplacingMergeTree(analysis_date)
    ORDER BY (block_instructions_hash);
    """)
  
    client.command("""
    CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS code_binja_cfg_blocks_references (
        sha256 FixedString(64),
        sha1 FixedString(40),
        md5 FixedString(32),
        block_instructions_hash FixedString(64),
        disassembled_function_hash FixedString(64),
        
        -- Address information (for CFG traversal and debugging)
        function_address UInt64,
        block_start_address UInt64,
        block_end_address UInt64,
        
        -- CFG structure (addresses refer to block_start_address)
        predecessor_blocks Array(UInt64),
        successor_blocks Array(UInt64),
        depth UInt16,
        position UInt32,
        
        -- Dominator analysis
        dominators Array(UInt16),
        post_dominators Array(UInt16),
        
        analysis_date DateTime64(3, 'UTC'),
        
        -- OPTIMIZED INDEXES based on query patterns
        INDEX idx_sha256 sha256 TYPE bloom_filter GRANULARITY 1,
        INDEX idx_block_hash block_instructions_hash TYPE bloom_filter GRANULARITY 1,
        INDEX idx_func_hash disassembled_function_hash TYPE bloom_filter GRANULARITY 1,
        INDEX idx_func_addr function_address TYPE minmax GRANULARITY 1,
        INDEX idx_block_start block_start_address TYPE minmax GRANULARITY 1,
        INDEX idx_depth depth TYPE minmax GRANULARITY 4,
        INDEX idx_position position TYPE minmax GRANULARITY 4
    )
    ENGINE = ReplacingMergeTree(analysis_date)
    ORDER BY (sha256, function_address, block_start_address)
    SETTINGS index_granularity = 8192;
    """)

def create_binja_strings_dbtable(client):
    # 1. Raw table - INSERT target
    client.command("""
    CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS code_binja_strings_raw (
        sha256 FixedString(64),
        string String CODEC(ZSTD(3)),              -- Decoded UTF-8 string (for searching)
        string_raw String CODEC(ZSTD(3)),          -- Raw bytes from binary (ground truth)
        string_encoding LowCardinality(String),    -- Detected/guessed encoding by binja
        string_offset UInt64,
        string_length UInt32,                      -- Length of decoded string
        string_raw_length UInt32,                  -- Length of raw bytes
        string_entropy Float32
    )
    ENGINE = Null;
    """)
   
    # 3a. Target table for reverse lookup (with indexes)
    client.command("""
    CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS code_binja_strings_by_binary (
        sha256 FixedString(64),
        string_offset UInt64,
        string String CODEC(ZSTD(3)),
        string_raw String CODEC(ZSTD(3)),
        string_encoding LowCardinality(String),
        string_length UInt32,
        string_raw_length UInt32,
        string_entropy Float32,
        
        INDEX idx_sha256 sha256 TYPE bloom_filter GRANULARITY 1,
        INDEX idx_string_ngram lower(string) TYPE ngrambf_v1(3, 32768, 3, 0) GRANULARITY 1,
        --- INDEX idx_string string TYPE tokenbf_v1(32768, 3, 0) GRANULARITY 1,
        --- INDEX idx_string_raw string_raw TYPE tokenbf_v1(32768, 3, 0) GRANULARITY 1,
        INDEX idx_entropy string_entropy TYPE minmax GRANULARITY 4
    )
    ENGINE = ReplacingMergeTree()
    ORDER BY (sha256, string_offset);
    """)
    
    # 3b. Materialized view -> target table
    client.command("""
    CREATE MATERIALIZED VIEW IF NOT EXISTS code_binja_strings_by_binary_mv
    TO code_binja_strings_by_binary
    AS SELECT
        sha256,
        string_offset,
        string,
        string_raw,
        string_encoding,
        string_length,
        string_raw_length,
        string_entropy
    FROM code_binja_strings_raw;
    """)

    client.command("""
    -- 1. Create the new public-only popularity table
    CREATE TABLE mv_string_popularity_public_table (
        string_xxhash64 UInt64,
        sample_count AggregateFunction(uniq, FixedString(64))
    ) ENGINE = AggregatingMergeTree()
    ORDER BY string_xxhash64;
    """)

    client.command("""
    -- 2. Create the MV for new data going forward
    CREATE MATERIALIZED VIEW mv_string_popularity_public
    TO mv_string_popularity_public_table AS
    SELECT
        xxHash64(s.string) AS string_xxhash64,
        uniqState(s.sha256) AS sample_count
    FROM code_binja_strings_raw s
    INNER JOIN catalog_visibility_lookup_v2 v 
        ON s.sha256 = v.sha256 AND v.visibility_scope = 'public'
    GROUP BY string_xxhash64;
    """)

    # client.command("""
    # INSERT INTO mv_string_popularity_public_table
    # SELECT
    #     xxHash64(s.string) AS string_xxhash64,
    #     uniqState(s.sha256) AS sample_count
    # FROM code_binja_strings_by_binary s
    # INNER JOIN catalog_visibility_lookup_v2 v 
    #     ON s.sha256 = v.sha256 AND v.visibility_scope = 'public'
    # GROUP BY string_xxhash64;
    # """)

def create_binja_function_similarity_metrics_dbtable(client):
    client.command("""
    CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS code_binja_function_similarity_metrics (
        disassembled_function_hash FixedString(64),
        
        -- Complexity metrics
        cyclomatic_complexity Nullable(UInt16),
        
        -- Fuzzy hashes (duplicated from reference tables for performance)
        ssdeep_disassembly Nullable(String),
        tlsh_disassembly Nullable(FixedString(72)),
        ssdeep_llil Nullable(String),
        tlsh_llil Nullable(FixedString(72)),
        
        -- Similarity hashes
        minhash Array(UInt8),
        
        analysis_date DateTime64(3, 'UTC'),
        
        -- Indexes
        INDEX idx_complexity cyclomatic_complexity TYPE minmax GRANULARITY 4,
        INDEX idx_ssdeep_disasm ssdeep_disassembly TYPE bloom_filter GRANULARITY 1,
        INDEX idx_tlsh_disasm tlsh_disassembly TYPE bloom_filter GRANULARITY 1,
        INDEX idx_ssdeep_llil ssdeep_llil TYPE bloom_filter GRANULARITY 1,
        INDEX idx_tlsh_llil tlsh_llil TYPE bloom_filter GRANULARITY 1
    )
    ENGINE = ReplacingMergeTree(analysis_date)
    ORDER BY disassembled_function_hash;
    """)

def create_golang_metadata_dbtable(client):
    client.command("""
    CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS redb_golang_metadata (
        sha256 FixedString(64),
        goresym JSON,
        analysis_date DateTime64(3, 'UTC')
    ) ENGINE = ReplacingMergeTree(analysis_date)
    ORDER BY sha256
    """)