Deepak Kumar Sharma

100 papers B 3C 1Misc 3Journal 78Unranked 15

Year	Rank	Type	Title / Venue / Authors
2026	J	`jnl`	BIDS: Blockchain and Intrusion Detection System Coalition for Securing Internet of Medical Things Networks. IEEE J. Biomed. Health Informatics Karan Gupta, Koyel Datta Gupta, Devender Kumar, Gautam Srivastava, Deepak Kumar Sharma
2025	J	`jnl`	A blockchain based solution for efficient and secure healthcare management. Int. J. Crit. Infrastructures Deepak Kumar Sharma, Adarsh Kumar
2025	J	`jnl`	A deep learning-based neural style transfer optimization approach. Intell. Data Anal. Priyanshi Sethi, Rhythm Bhardwaj, Nonita Sharma, Deepak Kumar Sharma, Gautam Srivastava
2025	J	`jnl`	An Efficient Data Sharing Scheme Using MultiTransaction Mode Consortium Blockchain for Smart Healthcare. Int. J. Syst. Syst. Eng. Adarsh Kumar, Deepak Kumar Sharma
2025	J	`jnl`	Applying software-defined ambient intelligence techniques for cognitive and emotional awareness in the Internet of Things. Int. J. Commun. Syst. Salman Azeez Syed, Ishita Nag, Shreya Basu, Deepak Kumar Sharma
2025	J	`jnl`	CONTEXT-NET: A context-aware nexus-based aggregation protocol for opportunistic networks. Internet Things Rounak Raman, Ayush Yadav, Deepika Kukreja, Deepak Kumar Sharma
2024	J	`jnl`	A Walkthrough of Blockchain-Based Internet of Drones Architectures. IEEE Internet Things J. Ayushi Jain, Shivam Barke, Mehak Garg, Anvita Gupta, Bhawna Narwal, Amar Kumar Mohapatra, Deepak Kumar Sharma, Gautam Srivastava
2024	J	`jnl`	AI-enabled trust-based routing protocol for social opportunistic IoT networks. Trans. Emerg. Telecommun. Technol. Ritu Nigam, Deepak Kumar Sharma, Satbir Jain, Kartik Krishna Bhardwaj, Siddhant Banyal
2024	J	`jnl`	Cryptanalysis and improvement of a secure communication protocol for smart healthcare system. Int. J. Inf. Comput. Secur. Devender Kumar, Deepak Kumar Sharma, Parth Jain, Sumit Bhati, Amit Kumar
2024	J	`jnl`	Decoupling analysis for different exciting modes in MIMO DRA using absorbing surface walls. Int. J. Commun. Syst. Abhay Krishna Yadav, Sudhanshu Verma, Deepak Sigroha, Gourab Das, Deepak Kumar Sharma, Anand Sharma
2024	J	`jnl`	Efficient and Secure Graph-Based Trust-Enabled Routing in Vehicular Ad-Hoc Networks. Mob. Networks Appl. Intyaz Alam, Manisha Manjul, Vinay Pathak, Vajenti Mala, Anuj Mangal, Hardeo Kumar Thakur, Deepak Kumar Sharma
2024	J	`jnl`	End-to-end Multi-modal Low-resourced Speech Keywords Recognition Using Sequential Conv2D Nets. ACM Trans. Asian Low Resour. Lang. Inf. Process. Pooja Gambhir, Amita Dev, Poonam Bansal, Deepak Kumar Sharma
2024	J	`jnl`	RLET: a lightweight model for ubiquitous multi-class intrusion detection in sustainable and secured smart environment. Int. J. Inf. Sec. Bhavya Dhingra, Vidhi Jain, Deepak Kumar Sharma, Koyel Datta Gupta, Deepika Kukreja
2024	J	`jnl`	Residual networks for text-independent speaker identification: Unleashing the power of residual learning. J. Inf. Secur. Appl. Pooja Gambhir, Amita Dev, Poonam Bansal, Deepak Kumar Sharma, Deepak Gupta
2024	J	`jnl`	SMART: Secured and Mobility Aware Routing Technique for Opportunistic IoT Network in Smart Cities. J. Mobile Multimedia S. P. Ajith Kumar, Hardeo Kumar Thakur, Koyel Datta Gupta, Deepak Kumar Sharma
2023	J	`jnl`	A Framework for Online Hate Speech Detection on Code-mixed Hindi-English Text and Hindi Text in Devanagari. ACM Trans. Asian Low Resour. Lang. Inf. Process. Abhishek Chopra, Deepak Kumar Sharma, Aashna Jha, Uttam Ghosh
2023	J	`jnl`	A Novel Lightweight Deep Learning-Based Histopathological Image Classification Model for IoMT. Neural Process. Lett. Koyel Datta Gupta, Deepak Kumar Sharma, Shakib Ahmed, Harsh Gupta, Deepak Gupta, Ching-Hsien Hsu
2023	J	`jnl`	A novel Hypertuned Prophet based power saving approach for IoT enabled smart homes. Trans. Emerg. Telecommun. Technol. Deepak Kumar Sharma, Vidhi Jain, Bhavya Dhingra, Koyel Datta Gupta, Uttam Ghosh, Waleed S. Alnumay
2023	J	`jnl`	ACCO: adaptive congestion control protocol for opportunistic networks. Int. J. Wirel. Mob. Comput. Deepika Kukreja, Deepak Kumar Sharma
2023	J	`jnl`	AHDNN: Attention-Enabled Hierarchical Deep Neural Network Framework for Enhancing Security of Connected and Autonomous Vehicles. J. Circuits Syst. Comput. Koyel Datta Gupta, Deepak Kumar Sharma, Rinky Dwivedi, Gautam Srivastava
2023	J	`jnl`	Advancing Security in the Industrial Internet of Things Using Deep Progressive Neural Networks. Mob. Networks Appl. Mehul Sharma, Shrid Pant, Priety Yadav, Deepak Kumar Sharma, Nitin Gupta, Gautam Srivastava
2023	—	`conf`	Blockchain for Patient Data Integrity: Decentralised Storage and Retrieval in Modern Healthcare Systems. RTIP2R (2) Deepak Kumar Sharma, Adarsh Kumar
2023	J	`jnl`	Clustering Based Routing Protocol for Wireless Sensor Networks Using the Concept of Zonal Division of Network Field. J. Signal Process. Syst. Siddhant Bagga, Deepak Kumar Sharma, Krishna Kant Singh, Akansha Singh
2023	—	`conf`	Cryptanalysis of an Authentication Scheme for WSN within an IoT Environment. IC3 Aarti Goel, Devender Kumar, Deepak Kumar Sharma
2023	J	`jnl`	Enforcing Intelligent Learning-Based Security in Internet of Everything. IEEE Internet Things J. Shrid Pant, Mehul Sharma, Deepak Kumar Sharma, Deepak Gupta, Joel J. P. C. Rodrigues
2023	J	`jnl`	Fuzzy Controller-empowered Autoencoder Framework for anomaly detection in Cyber Physical Systems. Comput. Electr. Eng. Koyel Datta Gupta, Kartik Singhal, Deepak Kumar Sharma, Nonita Sharma, Sharaf J. Malebary
2023	J	`jnl`	Intrusion Detection System for IoE-Based Medical Networks. J. Database Manag. Parul Lakhotia, Rinky Dwivedi, Deepak Kumar Sharma, Nonita Sharma
2023	Misc	`conf`	Misbehavior Detection in Cooperative Intelligent Transportation Systems using Temporal Fusion Transformer. ICDCN Anish Goyal, Archit Bhatia, Arjun Yadav, Deepak Kumar Sharma
2023	J	`jnl`	Modeling Distributed and Configurable Hierarchical Blockchain over SDN and Fog-Based Networks for Large-Scale Internet of Things. J. Grid Comput. Salman Azeez Syed, Deepak Kumar Sharma, Gautam Srivastava
2023	J	`jnl`	Optimized Resource Allocation in IoT Using Fuzzy Logic and Bio-Inspired Algorithms. Wirel. Pers. Commun. Deepak Kumar Sharma, Jahanavi Mishra, Aeshit Singh, Raghav Govil, Krishna Kant Singh, Akansha Singh
2023	J	`jnl`	RF-BBFT: a random forest based multimedia big data routing technique for social opportunistic IoT networks. Multim. Tools Appl. Ritu Nigam, Satbir Jain, Deepak Kumar Sharma
2023	J	`jnl`	Role of cybersecurity and Blockchain in battlefield of things. Internet Technol. Lett. Gaurav Sharma, Deepak Kumar Sharma, Adarsh Kumar
2023	J	`jnl`	Towards Fair Video Summarization. Trans. Mach. Learn. Res. Anshuman Chhabra, Kartik Patwari, Chandana Kuntala, Sristi, Deepak Kumar Sharma, Prasant Mohapatra
2022	J	`jnl`	A Local Betweenness Centrality Based Forwarding Technique for Social Opportunistic IoT Networks. Mob. Networks Appl. Ritu Nigam, Deepak Kumar Sharma, Satbir Jain, Gautam Srivastava
2022	J	`jnl`	A tree classifier based network intrusion detection model for Internet of Medical Things. Comput. Electr. Eng. Karan Gupta, Deepak Kumar Sharma, Koyel Datta Gupta, Anil Kumar
2022	J	`jnl`	An Opportunistic Approach for Cloud Service-Based IoT Routing Framework Administering Data, Transaction, and Identity Security. IEEE Internet Things J. Deepak Kumar Sharma, Kartik Krishna Bhardwaj, Siddhant Banyal, Riyanshi Gupta, Nitin Gupta, Lewis Nkenyereye
2022	J	`jnl`	An approach to adding simple interface as security gateway architecture for IoT device. Multim. Tools Appl. Nikola Pavlovic, Marko Sarac, Sasa Z. Adamovic, Muzafer Saracevic, Khaleel Ahmad, Nemanja Macek, Deepak Kumar Sharma
2022	J	`jnl`	Blockchain Tree Powered Green Communication for Efficient and Sustainable Connected Autonomous Vehicles. IEEE Trans. Green Commun. Netw. Ansh Riyal, Geetansh Kumar, Deepak Kumar Sharma, Koyel Datta Gupta, Gautam Srivastava
2022	J	`jnl`	Blockchain-enabled access control to prevent cyber attacks in IoT: Systematic literature review. Frontiers Big Data Rinki Singh, Deepika Kukreja, Deepak Kumar Sharma
2022	J	`jnl`	Data driven predictive maintenance applications for industrial systems with temporal convolutional networks. Comput. Ind. Eng. Deepak Kumar Sharma, Shikha Brahmachari, Kartik Singhal, Deepak Gupta
2022	J	`jnl`	Distributed probability density based multi-objective routing for Opp-IoT networks enabled by machine learning. J. Intell. Fuzzy Syst. S. P. Ajith Kumar, Siddhant Banyal, Kartik Krishna Bhardwaj, Hardeo Kumar Thakur, Deepak Kumar Sharma
2022	J	`jnl`	Early prediction and monitoring of sepsis using sequential long short term memory model. Expert Syst. J. Knowl. Eng. Deepak Kumar Sharma, Parul Lakhotia, Paras Sain, Shikha Brahmachari
2022	J	`jnl`	Evaluation of Assocation Rule-based Routing Protocol for OppNet. Mechatron. Syst. Control. Renu Dalal, Manju Khari, Aakash Kumar, Deepak Kumar Sharma
2022	J	`jnl`	Explainable Artificial Intelligence for Cybersecurity. Comput. Electr. Eng. Deepak Kumar Sharma, Jahanavi Mishra, Aeshit Singh, Raghav Govil, Gautam Srivastava, Jerry Chun-Wei Lin
2022	J	`jnl`	LEOBAT: Lightweight encryption and OTP based authentication technique for securing IoT networks. Expert Syst. J. Knowl. Eng. Aarti Goel, Deepak Kumar Sharma, Koyel Datta Gupta
2022	J	`jnl`	LSTM-Based Energy-Efficient Wireless Communication With Reconfigurable Intelligent Surfaces. IEEE Trans. Green Commun. Netw. Koyel Datta Gupta, Ritu Nigam, Deepak Kumar Sharma, Sanjay K. Dhurandher
2022	J	`jnl`	Mitigation of black hole attacks in 6LoWPAN RPL-based Wireless sensor network for cyber physical systems. Comput. Commun. Deepak Kumar Sharma, Sanjay K. Dhurandher, Shubham Kumaram, Koyel Datta Gupta, Pradip Kumar Sharma
2022	J	`jnl`	Modified minimum spanning tree based vertical fragmentation, allocation and replication approach in distributed multimedia databases. Multim. Tools Appl. Deepak Kumar Sharma, Utsha Sinha, Aditi Gupta, Manju Khari
2022	J	`jnl`	Predicting and monitoring COVID-19 epidemic trends in India using sequence-to-sequence model and an adaptive SEIR model. Open Comput. Sci. Koyel Datta Gupta, Rinky Dwivedi, Deepak Kumar Sharma
2022	J	`jnl`	Role of Cybersecurity and Blockchain in Battlefield of Things. CoRR Gaurav Sharma, Deepak Kumar Sharma, Adarsh Kumar
2022	J	`jnl`	Trajectory optimization for the UAV assisted data collection in wireless sensor networks. Wirel. Networks Kartik Saxena, Nitin Gupta, Jahnvi Gupta, Deepak Kumar Sharma, Kapal Dev
2021	J	`jnl`	A multidimensional-multilayered anomaly detection in RFID-sensor integrated internet of things network. Int. J. Cloud Comput. Adarsh Kumar, Deepak Kumar Sharma
2021	J	`jnl`	Anomaly detection framework to prevent DDoS attack in fog empowered IoT networks. Ad Hoc Networks Deepak Kumar Sharma, Tarun Dhankhar, Gaurav Agrawal, Satish Kumar Singh, Deepak Gupta, Jamel Nebhen, Imran Razzak
2021	J	`jnl`	Computational Intelligence and IoT-Enabled COVID-19 Response: Technology Landscape. IEEE Internet Things Mag. Siddhant Banyal, Siddharth Banyal, Deepak Kumar Sharma
2021	J	`jnl`	DDoS prevention architecture using anomaly detection in fog-empowered networks. J. Ambient Intell. Smart Environ. Deepak Kumar Sharma, Manish Devgan, Gaurav Malik, Prashant Dutt, Aarti Goel, Deepak Gupta, Fadi M. Al-Turjman
2021	J	`jnl`	Deep learning assisted COVID-19 detection using full CT-scans. Internet Things Varan Singh Rohila, Nitin Gupta, Amit Kaul, Deepak Kumar Sharma
2021	J	`jnl`	Enabling security for the Industrial Internet of Things using deep learning, blockchain, and coalitions. Trans. Emerg. Telecommun. Technol. Mehul Sharma, Shrid Pant, Deepak Kumar Sharma, Koyel Datta Gupta, Vidushi Vashishth, Anshuman Chhabra
2021	J	`jnl`	GraphNET: Graph Neural Networks for routing optimization in Software Defined Networks. Comput. Commun. Avinash Swaminathan, Mridul Chaba, Deepak Kumar Sharma, Uttam Ghosh
2021	J	`jnl`	HiLSeR: Hierarchical learning-based sectionalised routing paradigm for pervasive communication and Resource efficiency in opportunistic IoT network. Sustain. Comput. Informatics Syst. Siddhant Banyal, Kartik Krishna Bharadwaj, Deepak Kumar Sharma, Ashish Khanna, Joel J. P. C. Rodrigues
2020	J	`jnl`	Latency-aware reinforced routing for opportunistic networks. IET Commun. Deepak Kumar Sharma, Sarthak Gupta, Shubham Malik, Rohit Kumar
2020	J	`jnl`	Lightweight Proof of Game (LPoG): A Proof of Work (PoW)'s Extended Lightweight Consensus Algorithm for Wearable Kidneys. Sensors Adarsh Kumar, Deepak Kumar Sharma, Anand Nayyar, Saurabh Singh, Byungun Yoon
2020	J	`jnl`	Neural network-based routing protocol for opportunistic networks with intelligent water drop optimization. Int. J. Commun. Syst. Shubham Kumaram, Shefali Srivastava, Deepak Kumar Sharma
2020	J	`jnl`	RLProph: a dynamic programming based reinforcement learning approach for optimal routing in opportunistic IoT networks. Wirel. Networks Deepak Kumar Sharma, Joel J. P. C. Rodrigues, Vidushi Vashishth, Anirudh Khanna, Anshuman Chhabra
2020	—	`conf`	Security vs. Flexibility: Striking a Balance in the Pandemic Era. IEEE ANTS Vaishali Soni, Deepika Kukreja, Deepak Kumar Sharma
2019	B	`conf`	A Machine Learning Approach Using Classifier Cascades for Optimal Routing in Opportunistic Internet of Things Networks. SECON Vidushi Vashishth, Anshuman Chhabra, Deepak Kumar Sharma
2019	J	`jnl`	Bonding Based Technique for message forwarding in Social Opportunistic Network. Scalable Comput. Pract. Exp. Ritu Nigam, Deepak Kumar Sharma, Satbir Jain, Sarthak Gupta, Shilpa Ghosh
2019	J	`jnl`	Establishing Reliability for Efficient Routing in Opportunistic Networks. Scalable Comput. Pract. Exp. Deepak Kumar Sharma, Deepika Kukreja
2019	—	`conf`	FLBCR: Fuzzy Logic Based Clustering Routing Protocol. ICCCNT Siddhant Bagga, Anish Goyal, Geetanshu Gupta, Deepak Kumar Sharma
2019	J	`jnl`	GASER: genetic algorithm-based secure and energy aware routing protocol for sparse mobile ad hoc networks. Int. J. Adv. Intell. Paradigms Deepika Kukreja, Deepak Kumar Sharma, Sanjay K. Dhurandher, B. V. Ramana Reddy
2019	J	`jnl`	GMMR: A Gaussian mixture model based unsupervised machine learning approach for optimal routing in opportunistic IoT networks. Comput. Commun. Vidushi Vashishth, Anshuman Chhabra, Deepak Kumar Sharma
2019	J	`jnl`	Supernode routing: a grid-based message passing scheme for sparse opportunistic networks. J. Ambient Intell. Humaniz. Comput. Deepak Kumar Sharma, Deepika Kukreja, Samarth Chugh, Shubham Kumaram
2019	J	`jnl`	kROp: k-Means clustering based routing protocol for opportunistic networks. J. Ambient Intell. Humaniz. Comput. Deepak Kumar Sharma, Sanjay Kumar Dhurandher, Divyansh Agarwal, Kunal Arora
2018	J	`jnl`	A fuzzy logic and game theory based adaptive approach for securing opportunistic networks against black hole attacks. Int. J. Commun. Syst. Anshuman Chhabra, Vidushi Vashishth, Deepak Kumar Sharma
2018	J	`jnl`	An Energy Efficient Routing Protocol for Wireless Internet-of-Things Sensor Networks. CoRR Anshuman Chhabra, Vidushi Vashishth, Anirudh Khanna, Deepak Kumar Sharma, Jyotsna Singh
2018	—	`conf`	Direct Perceptive Routing Protocol for Opportunistic Networks. IC3 Deepak Kumar Sharma, Gurmehr Sohi, Hitesh Dhankhar, Mayank Yadav
2018	J	`jnl`	Poisson's probability-based Q-Routing techniques for message forwarding in opportunistic networks. Int. J. Commun. Syst. Deepak Kumar Sharma, Deepika Kukreja, Pranav Aggarwal, Manpreet Kaur, Ayushee Sachan
2018	—	`conf`	Predicting the Algorithmic Time Complexity of Single Parametric Algorithms Using Multiclass Classification with Gradient Boosted Trees. IC3 Deepak Kumar Sharma, Sumit Vohra, Tarun Gupta, Vipul Goyal
2017	Misc	`conf`	A game theory based secure model against Black hole attacks in Opportunistic Networks. CISS Anshuman Chhabra, Vidushi Vashishth, Deepak Kumar Sharma
2017	J	`jnl`	An energy-efficient history-based routing scheme for opportunistic networks. Int. J. Commun. Syst. Sanjay K. Dhurandher, Deepak Kumar Sharma, Isaac Woungang, Aakanksha Saini
2017	—	`conf`	Evaluation of parameters and techniques for genetic algorithm based channel allocation in Cognitive Radio Networks. IC3 Deepak Kumar Sharma, Anurag Singh, Anshul Khanna, Anubhav Jain
2017	—	`conf`	GD-CAR: A Genetic Algorithm Based Dynamic Context Aware Routing Protocol for Opportunistic Networks. NBiS Deepak Kumar Sharma, Sanjay Kumar Dhurandher, Isaac Woungang, Aman Bansal, Apoorv Gupta
2017	—	`conf`	KNNR: K-nearest neighbour classification based routing protocol for opportunistic networks. IC3 Deepak Kumar Sharma, Aayush, Abhishek Sharma, Jaideep Kumar
2017	Misc	`conf`	SEIR: A Stackelberg game based approach for energy-aware and incentivized routing in selfish Opportunistic Networks. CISS Anshuman Chhabra, Vidushi Vashishth, Deepak Kumar Sharma
2016	—	`conf`	A priority based message forwarding scheme for Opportunistic Networks. CITS Deepak Kumar Sharma, Sanjay K. Dhurandher, Mohammad S. Obaidat, Sahil Pruthi, Balqies Sadoun
2016	B	`conf`	EDR: An Encounter and Distance Based Routing Protocol for Opportunistic Networks. AINA Sanjay Kumar Dhurandher, Satya Jyoti Borah, Isaac Woungang, Deepak Kumar Sharma, Kunal Arora, Divyansh Agarwal
2015	J	`jnl`	Efficient routing based on past information to predict the future location for message passing in infrastructure-less opportunistic networks. J. Supercomput. Sanjay K. Dhurandher, Deepak Kumar Sharma, Isaac Woungang, Aakanksha Saini
2014	—	`conf`	Automatic construction of process template from business rule. IC3 Deepak Kumar Sharma, Naveen Prakash, Himani Sharma, Dheerendra Singh
2014	—	`conf`	Business Rules for Business Governance. ICEIS (3) Naveen Prakash, Deepak Kumar Sharma, Dheerendra Singh
2014	J	`jnl`	GAER: genetic algorithm-based energy-efficient routing protocol for infrastructure-less opportunistic networks. J. Supercomput. Sanjay K. Dhurandher, Deepak Kumar Sharma, Isaac Woungang, Rohan Gupta, Sanjay Garg
2013	—	`conf`	A Framework for Business Rules. ER Workshops Naveen Prakash, Deepak Kumar Sharma, Deepika Prakash, Dheerendra Singh
2013	J	`jnl`	Energy-based Performance Evaluation of Various Routing Protocols in Infrastructure-less Opportunistic Networks. J. Internet Serv. Inf. Secur. Sanjay Kumar Dhurandher, Deepak Kumar Sharma, Isaac Woungang
2013	B	`conf`	HBPR: History Based Prediction for Routing in Infrastructure-less Opportunistic Networks. AINA Sanjay K. Dhurandher, Deepak Kumar Sharma, Isaac Woungang, Shruti Bhati
2013	C	`conf`	Mobility Models-Based Performance Evaluation of the History Based Prediction for Routing Protocol for Infrastructure-Less Opportunistic Networks. MobiQuitous Sanjay K. Dhurandher, Deepak Kumar Sharma, Isaac Woungang
2012	J	`jnl`	A Metric for the Activeness of a Class CoRR Sachin Lakra, Deepak Kumar Sharma, Jugnesh Kumar, Ramesh Chandra Verma, T. V. Prasad
2012	J	`jnl`	A Metric for the Activeness of a Distributed Object Oriented Component Library CoRR Sachin Lakra, T. V. Prasad, Shree Harsh Atrey, Deepak Kumar Sharma
2012	J	`jnl`	A Neuro-Fuzzy Technique for Implementing the Half-Adder Circuit Using the CANFIS Model CoRR Sachin Lakra, T. V. Prasad, Deepak Kumar Sharma, Shree Harsh Atrey, Anubhav Kumar Sharma
2012	J	`jnl`	Application of Fuzzy Mathematics to Speech-to-Text Conversion by Elimination of Paralinguistic Content CoRR Sachin Lakra, T. V. Prasad, Deepak Kumar Sharma, Shree Harsh Atrey, Anubhav Kumar Sharma
2012	J	`jnl`	DolNet: A Division Of Labour Based Distributed Object Oriented Software Process Model CoRR Sachin Lakra, Deepak Kumar Sharma
2012	—	`conf`	Performance analysis of various routing protocols (proactive and reactive) for random mobility models of Adhoc networks. RAIT Rashmi Rohankar, Rinkoo Bhatia, Vineet Shrivastava, Deepak Kumar Sharma
2011	—	`conf`	Performance evaluation of various routing protocols in Opportunistic Networks. GLOBECOM Workshops Sanjay Kumar Dhurandher, Deepak Kumar Sharma, Isaac Woungang, Han-Chieh Chao