Chandrabose Aravindan

61 papers B 4C 1Misc 1Journal 24Unranked 31
YearRankTypeTitle / Venue / Authors
2025 J jnl
Neural Comput. Appl.
Ratnavel Rajalakshmi, Joel Raymann, Aneesh Prabhu, R. Karthik, Chandrabose Aravindan
2023 J jnl
Multim. Tools Appl.
S. M. Jaisakthi, Palaniappan Mirunalini, Chandrabose Aravindan, Rajagopal Appavu
2021 J jnl
J. Exp. Theor. Artif. Intell.
P. Vasuki, Chandrabose Aravindan
2020 conf
FIRE (Working Notes)
Kayalvizhi S, Thenmozhi D, Chandrabose Aravindan
2020 conf
SemEval@COLING
Kayalvizhi S, D. Thenmozhi, Chandrabose Aravindan
2020 conf
CLEF (Working Notes)
Rishivardhan K, Kayalvizhi S, D. Thenmozhi, Sachin Krishan, Chandrabose Aravindan
2019 conf
FIRE (Working Notes)
Haritha Ananthakrishnan, Akshaya Ranganathan, D. Thenmozhi, Chandrabose Aravindan
2019 J jnl
Multim. Syst.
Palaniappan Mirunalini, Chandrabose Aravindan, S. M. Jaisakthi
2019 conf
FIRE (Working Notes)
Akshaya Ranganathan, Haritha Ananthakrishnan, D. Thenmozhi, Chandrabose Aravindan
2019 conf
CLEF (Working Notes)
S. M. Jaisakthi, Palaniappan Mirunalini, Chandrabose Aravindan
2019 conf
CLEF (Working Notes)
S. Kayalvizhi, D. Thenmozhi, Chandrabose Aravindan
2019 conf
AISS
Ratnavel Rajalakshmi, Joel Raymann, Aneesh Prabu, Chandrabose Aravindan
2019 conf
CLEF (Working Notes)
Akshaya Ranganathan, Haritha A, D. Thenmozhi, Chandrabose Aravindan
2019 conf
CLEF (Working Notes)
D. Thenmozhi, Chandrabose Aravindan, Abishek Shyamsunder, Adithya Viswanathan, Akash Kumar Pujari
2019 conf
FIRE (Working Notes)
S. Kayalvizhi, D. Thenmozhi, Chandrabose Aravindan
2019 conf
SemEval@NAACL-HLT
B. Senthil Kumar, D. Thenmozhi, Chandrabose Aravindan, Srinethe Sharavanan
2019 conf
SemEval@NAACL-HLT
D. Thenmozhi, B. Senthil Kumar, Srinethe Sharavanan, Chandrabose Aravindan
2019 conf
FIRE (Working Notes)
S. Kayalvizhi, D. Thenmozhi, B. Senthil Kumar, Chandrabose Aravindan
2019 C conf
TENCON
Palaniappan Mirunalini, Chandrabose Aravindan, A. Thamizh Nambi, S. Poorvaja, V. Pooja Priya
2019 conf
CLEF (Working Notes)
Nanda H. Krishna, Praveen Kumar R, Ram Kaushik R, Palaniappan Mirunalini, Chandrabose Aravindan, S. M. Jaisakthi
2018 conf
FIRE (Working Notes)
D. Thenmozhi, S. Kayalvizhi, Chandrabose Aravindan
2018 J jnl
Comput. Intell.
Ratnavel Rajalakshmi, Chandrabose Aravindan
2018 B conf
SMC
Ratnavel Rajalakshmi, Chandrabose Aravindan
2018 J jnl
IET Comput. Vis.
S. M. Jaisakthi, Palaniappan Mirunalini, Chandrabose Aravindan
2018 conf
CLEF (Working Notes)
Nithish B. Moudhgalya, S. Sharan Sundar, Siddharth Divi, Palaniappan Mirunalini, Chandrabose Aravindan, S. M. Jaisakthi
2018 conf
FIRE (Working Notes)
D. Thenmozhi, B. Senthil Kumar, Chandrabose Aravindan
2018 conf
FIRE (Working Notes)
Durairaj Thenmozhi, Kalaivani Adaikkan, Chandrabose Aravindan
2018 conf
FIRE (Working Notes)
D. Thenmozhi, Senthil Kumar, Chandrabose Aravindan
2017 conf
FIRE (Working Notes)
D. Thenmozhi, Kawshik Kannan, Chandrabose Aravindan
2017 J jnl
CoRR
S. M. Jaisakthi, Chandrabose Aravindan, Palaniappan Mirunalini
2017 J jnl
CoRR
Palaniappan Mirunalini, Chandrabose Aravindan, Vignesh Gokul, S. M. Jaisakthi
2017 conf
FIRE (Working Notes)
D. Thenmozhi, Kawshik Kannan, Chandrabose Aravindan
2016 J jnl
Comput. J.
D. Thenmozhi, Chandrabose Aravindan
2016 J jnl
Int. J. Pattern Recognit. Artif. Intell.
Mohanavalli Subramaniam, S. M. Jaisakthi, Chandrabose Aravindan
2016 conf
FIRE (Working Notes)
D. Thenmozhi, Palaniappan Mirunalini, Chandrabose Aravindan
2016 J jnl
J. Ind. Inf. Integr.
Ramakalyan Ayyagari, A. Sivakumar, Chandrabose Aravindan, K. Kannan, V. Swaminathan, D. Sarala
2016 conf
FIRE Workshop
D. Thenmozhi, Palaniappan Mirunalini, Chandrabose Aravindan
2016 J jnl
Soft Comput.
J. Bhuvana, Chandrabose Aravindan
2016 J jnl
Comput. J.
D. Thenmozhi, Chandrabose Aravindan
2016 J jnl
Soft Comput.
J. Bhuvana, Chandrabose Aravindan
2013 J jnl
Comput. Biol. Chem.
C. Premalatha, Chandrabose Aravindan, R. Karthikeyan, Kirthivasan Kannan, M. Surianarayanan
2011 conf
ICWET
B. Rajesh Kanna, Chandrabose Aravindan, Kirthivasan Kannan
2011 J jnl
Int. J. Commun. Netw. Syst. Sci.
Gurusamy Prema, Chandrabose Aravindan, Kirthivasan Kannan, Rathinam Maheswaran
2011 conf
SoCPaR
S. M. Jaisakthi, Chandrabose Aravindan
2011 conf
SoCPaR
J. Bhuvana, Chandrabose Aravindan
2010 J jnl
Image Vis. Comput.
Kirthivasan Kannan, B. Rajesh Kanna, Chandrabose Aravindan
2008 conf
ICETET
C. L. J. Jerre Louis, Chandrabose Aravindan
2003 J jnl
Appl. Soft Comput.
S. Balakrishnan, P. S. Kannan, Chandrabose Aravindan, P. Subathra
2000 J jnl
J. Symb. Comput.
Chandrabose Aravindan, Peter Baumgartner
1997 conf
ILPS
Chandrabose Aravindan, Peter Baumgartner
1997 J jnl
AI Commun.
Chandrabose Aravindan, Jürgen Dix, Ilkka Niemelä
1997 B conf
LPNMR
Chandrabose Aravindan, Jürgen Dix, Ilkka Niemelä
1997 J jnl
AI Commun.
Chandrabose Aravindan
1996 B conf
JELIA
Chandrabose Aravindan
1996 Misc conf
KI
Chandrabose Aravindan
1996 conf
JICSLP
Chandrabose Aravindan, Peter Baumgartner, Jürgen Dix, Ulrich Furbach, Gerd Neugebauer, Ilkka Niemelä, Dorothea Schäfer, Frieder Stolzenburg
1995 J jnl
J. Appl. Non Class. Logics
Phan Minh Dung, Chandrabose Aravindan
1995 J jnl
J. Log. Program.
Chandrabose Aravindan, Phan Minh Dung
1994 B conf
JELIA
Chandrabose Aravindan, Phan Minh Dung
1994 J jnl
New Gener. Comput.
Chandrabose Aravindan, Phan Minh Dung
1992 conf
ALP
Chandrabose Aravindan, Phan Minh Dung
redb/extractors/apk_extractors/apk_signature.py
← Index redb/extractors/apk_extractors/apk_signature.py python
import hashlib
import inspect
from datetime import datetime, timezone
from typing import Any, Optional, Tuple

from redb.extractors.enum import Tag
from redb.extractors.apk_extractor import APKExtractor
from redb.models.dataclasses import APKCertificate, APKCodeSigningInfo


# OID to RFC 4514 short name mapping
_OID_SHORT_NAMES = {
    '2.5.4.3': 'CN', '2.5.4.6': 'C', '2.5.4.7': 'L', '2.5.4.8': 'ST',
    '2.5.4.10': 'O', '2.5.4.11': 'OU', '1.2.840.113549.1.9.1': 'E',
    '2.5.4.5': 'SERIALNUMBER', '2.5.4.12': 'T', '2.5.4.42': 'GN',
    '2.5.4.4': 'SN', '2.5.4.9': 'STREET', '2.5.4.17': 'POSTALCODE',
}


def _asn1_name_to_rfc4514(name):
    """Convert an asn1crypto x509.Name to RFC 4514 string (CN=..., O=...)."""
    parts = []
    for rdn in name.chosen:
        for attr in rdn:
            oid = attr['type'].dotted
            val = attr['value'].native
            short = _OID_SHORT_NAMES.get(oid, oid)
            parts.append(f'{short}={val}')
    return ', '.join(parts)


class APKSignatureExtractor(APKExtractor):

    def __init__(
        self, filepath, log, exporters=None, index_prefix=None,
        known_benign=False, known_malicious=False,
        apk=None,
    ):
        super().__init__(
            filepath, log, exporters, index_prefix,
            known_benign, known_malicious, apk,
        )
        self.signing_info = None
        self.log.debug(inspect.currentframe().f_code.co_name)

    def tag(self):
        return Tag.APK_SIGNATURE.value

    def _detect_signature_schemes(self):
        """Detect which APK signature schemes are present."""
        schemes = []
        try:
            if self.apk.is_signed_v1():
                schemes.append(1)
        except Exception:
            pass
        try:
            if self.apk.is_signed_v2():
                schemes.append(2)
        except Exception:
            pass
        try:
            if self.apk.is_signed_v3():
                schemes.append(3)
        except Exception:
            pass
        return schemes

    def _extract_certificate_info(self, cert, source_scheme=None):
        """Extract certificate details from an androguard certificate object."""
        try:
            # Subject and Issuer — asn1crypto doesn't have rfc4514_string, convert manually
            subject = _asn1_name_to_rfc4514(cert.subject)
            issuer = _asn1_name_to_rfc4514(cert.issuer)

            # Serial number
            serial = str(cert.serial_number)

            # Validity
            valid_from = cert.not_valid_before
            valid_to = cert.not_valid_after
            if isinstance(valid_from, datetime):
                valid_from = valid_from.strftime("%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S")
            else:
                valid_from = str(valid_from)
            if isinstance(valid_to, datetime):
                valid_to = valid_to.strftime("%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S")
            else:
                valid_to = str(valid_to)

            # Thumbprints
            cert_der = cert.dump()
            thumbprint_sha1 = hashlib.sha1(cert_der).hexdigest()
            thumbprint_sha256 = hashlib.sha256(cert_der).hexdigest()

            # Algorithm
            algorithm = None
            try:
                algorithm = cert.hash_algo
            except Exception:
                try:
                    algorithm = cert.signature_algo
                except Exception:
                    pass

            # Key size
            key_size = None
            try:
                pub_key = cert.public_key
                if hasattr(pub_key, 'bit_size'):
                    key_size = pub_key.bit_size
                elif hasattr(pub_key, 'key_size'):
                    key_size = pub_key.key_size
            except Exception:
                pass

            # Self-signed check
            is_self_signed = cert.subject == cert.issuer

            return APKCertificate(
                subject=subject,
                issuer=issuer,
                serial_number=serial,
                valid_from=valid_from,
                valid_to=valid_to,
                thumbprint_sha1=thumbprint_sha1,
                thumbprint_sha256=thumbprint_sha256,
                algorithm=algorithm,
                key_size=key_size,
                is_self_signed=is_self_signed,
                certificate_source_scheme=source_scheme,
            )
        except Exception as e:
            self.log.error(f"Error extracting certificate info: {e}")
            return None

    def _get_signer_certificate(self, schemes) -> Tuple[Optional[APKCertificate], Optional[str]]:
        """Identify the actual signer certificate using V3>V2>V1 priority.

        V2/V3: certificates[0] is the signer per spec.
        V1: androguard's get_certificate() does SignerInfo matching internally.

        Returns (signer_cert_info, source_scheme) or (None, None).
        """
        # V3 takes priority (Android 9+)
        if 3 in schemes:
            try:
                certs = self.apk.get_certificates_v3()
                if certs:
                    cert_info = self._extract_certificate_info(certs[0], source_scheme='v3')
                    if cert_info:
                        return cert_info, 'v3'
            except Exception as e:
                self.log.debug(f"V3 signer extraction failed: {e}")

        # V2 next (Android 7.0+)
        if 2 in schemes:
            try:
                certs = self.apk.get_certificates_v2()
                if certs:
                    cert_info = self._extract_certificate_info(certs[0], source_scheme='v2')
                    if cert_info:
                        return cert_info, 'v2'
            except Exception as e:
                self.log.debug(f"V2 signer extraction failed: {e}")

        # V1 fallback — androguard does SignerInfo.issuerAndSerialNumber matching
        if 1 in schemes:
            try:
                names = self.apk.get_signature_names()
                if names:
                    cert = self.apk.get_certificate(names[0])
                    if cert:
                        cert_info = self._extract_certificate_info(cert, source_scheme='v1')
                        if cert_info:
                            return cert_info, 'v1'
            except Exception as e:
                self.log.debug(f"V1 signer extraction failed: {e}")

        return None, None

    def _extract_all_certificates(self, schemes):
        """Extract all certificates with their source scheme tracked.

        Uses scheme-specific methods to preserve source information,
        deduplicating by thumbprint_sha1 and merging source schemes.
        """
        # cert thumbprint -> (APKCertificate, set of source schemes)
        seen = {}

        for scheme_num, method_name in [
            (3, 'get_certificates_v3'),
            (2, 'get_certificates_v2'),
            (1, 'get_certificates_v1'),
        ]:
            if scheme_num not in schemes:
                continue
            try:
                method = getattr(self.apk, method_name, None)
                if method is None:
                    continue
                certs = method()
                if not certs:
                    continue
                for cert in certs:
                    cert_info = self._extract_certificate_info(cert, source_scheme=f'v{scheme_num}')
                    if cert_info:
                        key = cert_info.thumbprint_sha1
                        if key in seen:
                            # Merge source schemes
                            existing_cert, existing_schemes = seen[key]
                            existing_schemes.add(f'v{scheme_num}')
                        else:
                            seen[key] = (cert_info, {f'v{scheme_num}'})
            except Exception as e:
                self.log.warning(f"Error extracting v{scheme_num} certificates: {e}")

        # Build final list with merged source schemes
        result = []
        for cert_info, source_schemes in seen.values():
            cert_info.certificate_source_scheme = ','.join(sorted(source_schemes))
            result.append(cert_info)

        return result

    def extract(self):
        if not self._is_valid_apk():
            self.log.error(f"Invalid APK for {self.hash.sha256}")
            return None

        schemes = self._detect_signature_schemes()
        is_signed = len(schemes) > 0

        # Extract all certificates with source scheme tracking
        certificates = self._extract_all_certificates(schemes)

        # Identify the actual signer using V3>V2>V1 priority
        signer_cert, signer_scheme = self._get_signer_certificate(schemes)

        apk_signer_subject = signer_cert.subject if signer_cert else None
        apk_signer_issuer = signer_cert.issuer if signer_cert else None

        self.signing_info = APKCodeSigningInfo(
            _id=self.sha256,
            is_signed=is_signed,
            signature_scheme_versions=schemes,
            number_of_certificates=len(certificates),
            x509_certificates=certificates if certificates else None,
            apk_signer_subject=apk_signer_subject,
            apk_signer_issuer=apk_signer_issuer,
        )
        return self.signing_info

    def prepare_export_data(self, exporter_type: str) -> Any:
        if exporter_type == "ClickHouseExporter":
            if not self.signing_info:
                return None

            current_time = datetime.now(timezone.utc)
            sig = self.signing_info

            # Signature summary table
            signature_data = [[
                self.sha256,
                int(sig.is_signed),
                sig.signature_scheme_versions,
                sig.number_of_certificates,
                sig.apk_signer_subject,
                sig.apk_signer_issuer,
                current_time,
            ]]

            # Certificates table (one row per certificate)
            certificates_data = []
            if sig.x509_certificates:
                for cert in sig.x509_certificates:
                    certificates_data.append([
                        self.sha256,
                        cert.subject,
                        cert.issuer,
                        cert.serial_number,
                        datetime.strptime(cert.valid_from, "%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S") if cert.valid_from else None,
                        datetime.strptime(cert.valid_to, "%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S") if cert.valid_to else None,
                        cert.thumbprint_sha1,
                        cert.algorithm,
                        cert.key_size,
                        int(cert.is_self_signed),
                        cert.certificate_source_scheme,
                        current_time,
                    ])

            return {
                'multi_table': True,
                'signature': {
                    'table': 'redb_apk_signature',
                    'data': signature_data,
                    'column_names': [
                        'sha256',
                        'is_signed', 'signature_scheme_versions',
                        'number_of_certificates',
                        'apk_signer_subject', 'apk_signer_issuer',
                        'analysis_date',
                    ],
                    'column_type_names': [
                        'FixedString(64)',
                        'UInt8', 'Array(UInt8)',
                        'UInt8',
                        'Nullable(String)', 'Nullable(String)',
                        "DateTime64(3, 'UTC')",
                    ],
                },
                'certificates': {
                    'table': 'redb_apk_certificates',
                    'data': certificates_data,
                    'column_names': [
                        'sha256', 'certificate_subject', 'certificate_issuer',
                        'certificate_serial_number',
                        'certificate_valid_from', 'certificate_valid_to',
                        'certificate_thumbprint',
                        'certificate_algorithm', 'key_size', 'is_self_signed',
                        'certificate_source_scheme',
                        'analysis_date',
                    ],
                    'column_type_names': [
                        'FixedString(64)', 'String', 'String', 'String',
                        "DateTime64(3, 'UTC')", "DateTime64(3, 'UTC')",
                        'FixedString(40)',
                        'LowCardinality(String)', 'Nullable(UInt16)', 'UInt8',
                        'LowCardinality(String)',
                        "DateTime64(3, 'UTC')",
                    ],
                },
            }

    def get_clickhouse_table(self) -> str:
        return "redb_apk_signature"