Catia Trubiani

134 papers A* 1A 9B 26C 3Misc 2Journal 39Unranked 47
YearRankTypeTitle / Venue / Authors
2026 J jnl
J. Syst. Softw.
Ivan Compagnucci, Riccardo Pinciroli, Catia Trubiani
2025 A ed.
ISSRE
Andrey Brito, Regina Lúcia de Oliveira Moraes, Yulei Sui, Catia Trubiani, Fernando Aires, Nahgmeh Ivaki
2025 A conf
ICSA
Alberto Avritzer, Andrea Janes, Catia Trubiani, Helena Rodrigues, Yuanfang Cai, Daniel Sadoc Menasché, Álvaro José Abreu de Oliveira
2025 B conf
ECSA
J. Andres Diaz-Pace, Catia Trubiani, David Garlan
2025 B conf
SEAA
Yelyzaveta Kurkchi, Catia Trubiani
2025 A conf
ICSA
Ivan Compagnucci, Riccardo Pinciroli, Catia Trubiani
2025 J jnl
Inf. Softw. Technol.
Luciana Brasil Rebelo dos Santos, Érica Ferreira de Souza, André Takeshi Endo, Catia Trubiani, Riccardo Pinciroli, Nandamudi Lankalapalli Vijaykumar
2025 J jnl
IEEE Trans. Emerg. Top. Comput.
Alberto Avritzer, Andrea Janes, Andrea Marin, Catia Trubiani, André van Hoorn, Matteo Camilli, Daniel S. Menasché, André B. Bondi
2024 J jnl
IEEE Trans. Serv. Comput.
Giovanni Quattrocchi, Emilio Incerto, Riccardo Pinciroli, Catia Trubiani, Luciano Baresi
2024 conf
PNSE@Petri Nets
Nicola Cotumaccio, Catia Trubiani
2024 conf
ISSRE (Workshops)
Alberto Avritzer, James J. Cusick, Andrea Janes, Matteo Camilli, Barbara Russo, Catia Trubiani, André van Hoorn
2024 J jnl
CoRR
Willem Meijer, Catia Trubiani, Aldeida Aleti
2024 J jnl
J. Syst. Softw.
Willem Meijer, Catia Trubiani, Aldeida Aleti
2024 conf
ISoLA (1)
Emilio Incerto, Catia Trubiani
2024 A conf
ICWS
Vincent Berry, Arnaud Castelltort, Benoit Lange, Joan Teriihoania, Chouki Tibermacine, Catia Trubiani
2024 conf
ISSRE (Workshops)
Alberto Avritzer, Andrea Janes, Andrea Marin, Daniel S. Menasché, Catia Trubiani, André B. Bondi, James J. Cusick
2024 J jnl
Softw. Syst. Model.
Riccardo Pinciroli, Connie U. Smith, Catia Trubiani
2024 conf
SEAMS@ICSE
Kenneth Johnson, Samaneh Madanian, Catia Trubiani
2023 conf
ISSREW
Alberto Avritzer, Andrea Janes, Andrea Marin, André van Hoorn, Matteo Camilli, Catia Trubiani, Daniel S. Menasché
2023 J jnl
IEEE Trans. Software Eng.
Catia Trubiani, Riccardo Pinciroli, Andrea Biaggi, Francesca Arcelli Fontana
2023 J jnl
Int. J. Softw. Tools Technol. Transf.
Maurizio Murgia, Riccardo Pinciroli, Catia Trubiani, Emilio Tuosto
2023 A conf
EASE
Francesca Arcelli Fontana, Matteo Camilli, Davide Rendina, Andrei Gabriel Taraboi, Catia Trubiani
2023 A conf
CAiSE
Riccardo Pinciroli, Raffaela Mirandola, Catia Trubiani
2023 J jnl
IEEE Trans. Ind. Informatics
Riccardo Pinciroli, Catia Trubiani
2023 A conf
ICSA
Riccardo Pinciroli, Aldeida Aleti, Catia Trubiani
2023 C conf
ICTSS
Luciana Brasil Rebelo dos Santos, Erica Ferreira, Gian Ricardo Berkenbrock, Gerson Barbosa, Marlon da Silva, André Takeshi Endo, Nandamudi Vijaykumar, Catia Trubiani
2023 B ed.
ECSA
Bedir Tekinerdogan, Catia Trubiani, Chouki Tibermacine, Patrizia Scandurra, Carlos E. Cuesta
2022 conf
ECSA (Tracks and Workshops)
Alberto Avritzer, Matteo Camilli, Andrea Janes, Barbara Russo, Catia Trubiani, André van Hoorn
2022 conf
ESEC/SIGSOFT FSE
Thomas Laurent, Paolo Arcaini, Catia Trubiani, Anthony Ventresque
2022 J jnl
J. Syst. Softw.
Thomas Laurent, Paolo Arcaini, Catia Trubiani, Anthony Ventresque
2022 conf
ISoLA (3)
Maurizio Murgia, Riccardo Pinciroli, Catia Trubiani, Emilio Tuosto
2022 J jnl
CoRR
Christian Bartolo Burlò, Adrian Francalanza, Alceste Scalas, Catia Trubiani, Emilio Tuosto
2022 J jnl
Sci. Comput. Program.
Christian Bartolo Burlò, Adrian Francalanza, Alceste Scalas, Catia Trubiani, Emilio Tuosto
2022 J jnl
J. Syst. Softw.
Alberto Avritzer, Ricardo Britto, Catia Trubiani, Matteo Camilli, Andrea Janes, Barbara Russo, André van Hoorn, Robert Heinrich, Martina Rapp, Jörg Henß, Ram Kishan Chalawadi
2022 J jnl
CoRR
Alejandro Mazuera-Rozo, Camilo Escobar-Velásquez, Juan Espitia-Acero, David Vega-Guzmán, Catia Trubiani, Mario Linares-Vásquez, Gabriele Bavota
2022 J jnl
J. Syst. Softw.
Alejandro Mazuera-Rozo, Camilo Escobar-Velásquez, Juan Espitia-Acero, David Vega-Guzmán, Catia Trubiani, Mario Linares-Vásquez, Gabriele Bavota
2022 conf
ECSA (Tracks and Workshops)
Matteo Camilli, Raffaela Mirandola, Patrizia Scandurra, Catia Trubiani
2021 J jnl
CoRR
Alessandro Balestrucci, Rocco De Nicola, Marinella Petrocchi, Catia Trubiani
2021 B conf
ICPE
Alberto Avritzer, Ricardo Britto, Catia Trubiani, Barbara Russo, Andrea Janes, Matteo Camilli, André van Hoorn, Robert Heinrich, Martina Rapp, Jörg Henß
2021 J jnl
Online Soc. Networks Media
Alessandro Balestrucci, Rocco De Nicola, Marinella Petrocchi, Catia Trubiani
2021 conf
SPLC (A)
Paolo Arcaini, Omar Inverso, Catia Trubiani
2021 ch.
Composing Model-Based Analysis Tools
Simona Bernardi, Michalis Famelis, Jean-Marc Jézéquel, Raffaela Mirandola, Diego Perez-Palacin, Fiona A. C. Polack, Catia Trubiani
2021 conf
ICSA Companion
Steffen Becker, Javier Cámara, Stéphanie Challita, Christoph Fehling, Anton Jansen, Oliver Kopp, Heiko Koziolek, Philippe Kruchten, Grace A. Lewis, Carola Lilienthal, Romina Spalazzese, Catia Trubiani
2021 A conf
ICSA
Riccardo Pinciroli, Catia Trubiani
2021 conf
ICSA Companion
Alberto Avritzer, Matteo Camilli, Andrea Janes, Barbara Russo, Jasmin Jahic, André van Hoorn, Ricardo Britto, Catia Trubiani
2021 conf
ICPE (Companion)
Lorenzo Pagliari, Mirko D'Angelo, Mauro Caporuscio, Raffaela Mirandola, Catia Trubiani
2021 B conf
ICPE
Riccardo Pinciroli, Connie U. Smith, Catia Trubiani
2021 C conf
COORDINATION
Christian Bartolo Burlò, Adrian Francalanza, Alceste Scalas, Catia Trubiani, Emilio Tuosto
2021 J jnl
CoRR
Christian Bartolo Burlò, Adrian Francalanza, Alceste Scalas, Catia Trubiani, Emilio Tuosto
2021 A conf
ICST
Matteo Camilli, Angelo Gargantini, Patrizia Scandurra, Catia Trubiani
2020 conf
ISoLA (2)
Omar Inverso, Catia Trubiani, Emilio Tuosto
2020 B conf
FASE
Radu Calinescu, Vittorio Cortellessa, Ioannis Stefanakos, Catia Trubiani
2020 J jnl
Future Gener. Comput. Syst.
Fabio Antonelli, Vittorio Cortellessa, Marco Gribaudo, Riccardo Pinciroli, Kishor S. Trivedi, Catia Trubiani
2020 J jnl
Inf. Softw. Technol.
Paolo Arcaini, Omar Inverso, Catia Trubiani
2020 ed.
ICPE Companion
José Nelson Amaral, Anne Koziolek, Catia Trubiani, Alexandru Iosup
2020 J jnl
J. Softw. Evol. Process.
Lorenzo Pagliari, Raffaela Mirandola, Catia Trubiani
2020 J jnl
CoRR
Alexandru Iosup, Catia Trubiani, Anne Koziolek, José Nelson Amaral, Andre B. Bondi, Andreas Brunnert
2020 B ed.
ICPE
José Nelson Amaral, Anne Koziolek, Catia Trubiani, Alexandru Iosup
2020 J jnl
Empir. Softw. Eng.
Alejandro Mazuera-Rozo, Catia Trubiani, Mario Linares-Vásquez, Gabriele Bavota
2020 B conf
PPoPP
Omar Inverso, Catia Trubiani
2020 B conf
CONCUR
Omar Inverso, Hernán C. Melgratti, Luca Padovani, Catia Trubiani, Emilio Tuosto
2020 J jnl
CoRR
Omar Inverso, Hernán C. Melgratti, Luca Padovani, Catia Trubiani, Emilio Tuosto
2020 ed.
ECSA (Companion)
Henry Muccini, Paris Avgeriou, Barbora Buhnova, Javier Cámara, Mauro Caporuscio, Mirco Franzago, Anne Koziolek, Patrizia Scandurra, Catia Trubiani, Danny Weyns, Uwe Zdun
2020 J jnl
ACM SIGSOFT Softw. Eng. Notes
Séverine Sentilles, Barry W. Boehm, Catia Trubiani, Xavier Franch, Anne Koziolek
2020 B conf
ECSA
Catia Trubiani, Aldeida Aleti, Sarah Goodwin, Pooyan Jamshidi, André van Hoorn, Samuel Gratzl
2019 conf
DEVOPS
Martina De Sanctis, Antonio Bucchiarone, Catia Trubiani
2019 conf
Models, Languages, and Tools for Concurrent and Distributed Programming
Luca Aceto, Gianlorenzo D'Angelo, Michele Flammini, Omar Inverso, Ludovico Iovino, Catia Trubiani
2019 conf
IDEAL (1)
Alessandro Balestrucci, Rocco De Nicola, Marinella Petrocchi, Catia Trubiani
2019 J jnl
CoRR
Alessandro Balestrucci, Rocco De Nicola, Marinella Petrocchi, Catia Trubiani
2019 Misc conf
SAC
Alessandro Balestrucci, Rocco De Nicola, Omar Inverso, Catia Trubiani
2019 conf
ICSE (NIER)
Catia Trubiani, Sven Apel
2019 J jnl
IEEE Softw.
Catia Trubiani, Pooyan Jamshidi, Jürgen Cito, Weiyi Shang, Zhen Ming Jiang, Markus Borg
2019 ed.
ECSA (Companion)
Laurence Duchien, Anne Koziolek, Raffaela Mirandola, Elena Maria Navarro Martínez, Clément Quinton, Riccardo Scandariato, Patrizia Scandurra, Catia Trubiani, Danny Weyns
2019 ed.
SQUADE@ESEC/SIGSOFT FSE
Séverine Sentilles, Barry W. Boehm, Catia Trubiani, Anne Koziolek
2019 B conf
ECSA
Martina De Sanctis, Romina Spalazzese, Catia Trubiani
2019 conf
ECSA (Companion)
Lorenzo Pagliari, Mirko D'Angelo, Mauro Caporuscio, Raffaela Mirandola, Catia Trubiani
2019 conf
SEFM Workshops
Mirko D'Angelo, Lorenzo Pagliari, Mauro Caporuscio, Raffaela Mirandola, Catia Trubiani
2018 J jnl
Sci. Comput. Program.
Rocco De Nicola, Tan Duong, Omar Inverso, Catia Trubiani
2018 J jnl
CoRR
Aldeida Aleti, Catia Trubiani, André van Hoorn, Pooyan Jamshidi
2018 J jnl
J. Syst. Softw.
Aldeida Aleti, Catia Trubiani, André van Hoorn, Pooyan Jamshidi
2018 conf
Euro-Par
Emilio Incerto, Mirco Tribastone, Catia Trubiani
2018 J jnl
Inf. Softw. Technol.
Catia Trubiani, Alexander Bran, André van Hoorn, Alberto Avritzer, Holger Knoche
2018 conf
IRC
Davide Brugali, Rafael Capilla, Raffaela Mirandola, Catia Trubiani
2018 conf
ICPE Companion
Tomás Bures, Vladimír Matena, Raffaela Mirandola, Lorenzo Pagliari, Catia Trubiani
2018 ed.
SQUADE@ICSE
Séverine Sentilles, Barry W. Boehm, Catia Trubiani, Xavier Franch, Anne Koziolek
2017 conf
ICPE Companion
Lorenzo Pagliari, Raffaela Mirandola, Catia Trubiani
2017 J jnl
Inf. Softw. Technol.
Martina De Sanctis, Catia Trubiani, Vittorio Cortellessa, Antinisca Di Marco, Mirko Flamminj
2017 B conf
SOFSEM
Rocco De Nicola, Tan Duong, Omar Inverso, Catia Trubiani
2017 C conf
COORDINATION
Rocco De Nicola, Tan Duong, Omar Inverso, Catia Trubiani
2017 J jnl
Softw. Pract. Exp.
Mauro Caporuscio, Raffaela Mirandola, Catia Trubiani
2017 Misc conf
SAC
Paolo Arcaini, Catia Trubiani
2017 B conf
ECSA
Catia Trubiani, Raffaela Mirandola
2017 J jnl
J. Syst. Softw.
Catia Trubiani, Achraf Ghabi, Alexander Egyed
2017 B conf
ICECCS
Lorenzo Pagliari, Raffaela Mirandola, Catia Trubiani
2017 conf
ECSA (Companion)
Maria Spichkova, Heinz W. Schmidt, Catia Trubiani
2017 A* conf
ASE
Emilio Incerto, Mirco Tribastone, Catia Trubiani
2016 conf
QoSA
Lorenzo Pagliari, Raffaela Mirandola, Diego Perez-Palacin, Catia Trubiani
2016 B conf
CLOUD
Daniel J. Dubois, Catia Trubiani, Giuliano Casale
2016 conf
SEAMS@ICSE
Emilio Incerto, Mirco Tribastone, Catia Trubiani
2015 conf
QUDOS@SIGSOFT FSE
Emilio Incerto, Mirco Tribastone, Catia Trubiani
2015 B conf
ICPE
Catia Trubiani, Anne Koziolek, Lucia Happe
2015 B conf
ECSA
Catia Trubiani, Achraf Ghabi, Alexander Egyed
2015 B conf
ICPE
Catia Trubiani
2015 conf
ECSA Workshops
Maria Spichkova, Heinz W. Schmidt, Catia Trubiani
2015 conf
WOSP-C@ICPE
Davide Arcelli, Luca Berardinelli, Catia Trubiani
2015 B conf
FASE
Davide Arcelli, Vittorio Cortellessa, Catia Trubiani
2015 conf
QoSA
Mauro Caporuscio, Raffaela Mirandola, Catia Trubiani
2014 conf
FESCA
Antinisca Di Marco, Catia Trubiani
2014 J jnl
Softw. Syst. Model.
Vittorio Cortellessa, Antinisca Di Marco, Catia Trubiani
2014 B conf
ICPE
Catia Trubiani, Antinisca Di Marco, Vittorio Cortellessa, Nariman Mani, Dorina C. Petriu
2014 J jnl
J. Syst. Softw.
Catia Trubiani, Anne Koziolek, Vittorio Cortellessa, Ralf H. Reussner
2014 conf
QoSA
Leire Etxeberria, Catia Trubiani, Vittorio Cortellessa, Goiuria Sagardui
2013 J jnl
Electron. Commun. Eur. Assoc. Softw. Sci. Technol.
Davide Arcelli, Vittorio Cortellessa, Catia Trubiani
2013 conf
QoSA
Catia Trubiani, Indika Meedeniya, Vittorio Cortellessa, Aldeida Aleti, Lars Grunske
2013 B conf
ICPE
Steffen Becker, Lucia Happe, Raffaela Mirandola, Catia Trubiani
2012 B conf
ICECCS
Raffaela Mirandola, Catia Trubiani
2012 conf
QoSA
Davide Arcelli, Vittorio Cortellessa, Catia Trubiani
2012 conf
WICSA/ECSA
Vittorio Cortellessa, Martina De Sanctis, Antinisca Di Marco, Catia Trubiani
2012 conf
ISARCS
Ricardo J. Rodríguez, Catia Trubiani, José Merseguer
2012 conf
PESOS@ICSE
Marco Autili, Luca Berardinelli, Davide Di Ruscio, Catia Trubiani
2012 conf
SFM
Vittorio Cortellessa, Antinisca Di Marco, Catia Trubiani
2011
Catia Trubiani
2011 J jnl
SIGMETRICS Perform. Evaluation Rev.
Catia Trubiani, Anne Koziolek
2011 B conf
ICPE
Catia Trubiani, Anne Koziolek
2011 conf
COST 2102 Training School
Luca Berardinelli, Dajana Cassioli, Antinisca Di Marco, Anna Esposito, Maria Teresa Riviello, Catia Trubiani
2010 conf
MoDELS (Workshops)
Catia Trubiani
2010 B conf
FASE
Vittorio Cortellessa, Anne Martens, Ralf H. Reussner, Catia Trubiani
2010 conf
ISARCS
Vittorio Cortellessa, Catia Trubiani, Leonardo Mostarda, Naranker Dulay
2010 conf
QUOVADIS@ICSE
Vittorio Cortellessa, Antinisca Di Marco, Romina Eramo, Alfonso Pierantonio, Catia Trubiani
2010 B conf
ICECCS
Vittorio Cortellessa, Antinisca Di Marco, Catia Trubiani
2010 conf
WOSP/SIPEW
Vittorio Cortellessa, Anne Martens, Ralf H. Reussner, Catia Trubiani
2009 conf
EUROMICRO-SEAA
Vittorio Cortellessa, Antinisca Di Marco, Romina Eramo, Alfonso Pierantonio, Catia Trubiani
2008 B conf
WCNC
Giovanni Bartolomeo, Stefano Salsano, Nicola Blefari-Melazzi, Catia Trubiani
2008 conf
WOSP
Vittorio Cortellessa, Catia Trubiani
redb/extractors/apk_extractors/apk_signature.py
← Index redb/extractors/apk_extractors/apk_signature.py python
import hashlib
import inspect
from datetime import datetime, timezone
from typing import Any, Optional, Tuple

from redb.extractors.enum import Tag
from redb.extractors.apk_extractor import APKExtractor
from redb.models.dataclasses import APKCertificate, APKCodeSigningInfo


# OID to RFC 4514 short name mapping
_OID_SHORT_NAMES = {
    '2.5.4.3': 'CN', '2.5.4.6': 'C', '2.5.4.7': 'L', '2.5.4.8': 'ST',
    '2.5.4.10': 'O', '2.5.4.11': 'OU', '1.2.840.113549.1.9.1': 'E',
    '2.5.4.5': 'SERIALNUMBER', '2.5.4.12': 'T', '2.5.4.42': 'GN',
    '2.5.4.4': 'SN', '2.5.4.9': 'STREET', '2.5.4.17': 'POSTALCODE',
}


def _asn1_name_to_rfc4514(name):
    """Convert an asn1crypto x509.Name to RFC 4514 string (CN=..., O=...)."""
    parts = []
    for rdn in name.chosen:
        for attr in rdn:
            oid = attr['type'].dotted
            val = attr['value'].native
            short = _OID_SHORT_NAMES.get(oid, oid)
            parts.append(f'{short}={val}')
    return ', '.join(parts)


class APKSignatureExtractor(APKExtractor):

    def __init__(
        self, filepath, log, exporters=None, index_prefix=None,
        known_benign=False, known_malicious=False,
        apk=None,
    ):
        super().__init__(
            filepath, log, exporters, index_prefix,
            known_benign, known_malicious, apk,
        )
        self.signing_info = None
        self.log.debug(inspect.currentframe().f_code.co_name)

    def tag(self):
        return Tag.APK_SIGNATURE.value

    def _detect_signature_schemes(self):
        """Detect which APK signature schemes are present."""
        schemes = []
        try:
            if self.apk.is_signed_v1():
                schemes.append(1)
        except Exception:
            pass
        try:
            if self.apk.is_signed_v2():
                schemes.append(2)
        except Exception:
            pass
        try:
            if self.apk.is_signed_v3():
                schemes.append(3)
        except Exception:
            pass
        return schemes

    def _extract_certificate_info(self, cert, source_scheme=None):
        """Extract certificate details from an androguard certificate object."""
        try:
            # Subject and Issuer — asn1crypto doesn't have rfc4514_string, convert manually
            subject = _asn1_name_to_rfc4514(cert.subject)
            issuer = _asn1_name_to_rfc4514(cert.issuer)

            # Serial number
            serial = str(cert.serial_number)

            # Validity
            valid_from = cert.not_valid_before
            valid_to = cert.not_valid_after
            if isinstance(valid_from, datetime):
                valid_from = valid_from.strftime("%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S")
            else:
                valid_from = str(valid_from)
            if isinstance(valid_to, datetime):
                valid_to = valid_to.strftime("%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S")
            else:
                valid_to = str(valid_to)

            # Thumbprints
            cert_der = cert.dump()
            thumbprint_sha1 = hashlib.sha1(cert_der).hexdigest()
            thumbprint_sha256 = hashlib.sha256(cert_der).hexdigest()

            # Algorithm
            algorithm = None
            try:
                algorithm = cert.hash_algo
            except Exception:
                try:
                    algorithm = cert.signature_algo
                except Exception:
                    pass

            # Key size
            key_size = None
            try:
                pub_key = cert.public_key
                if hasattr(pub_key, 'bit_size'):
                    key_size = pub_key.bit_size
                elif hasattr(pub_key, 'key_size'):
                    key_size = pub_key.key_size
            except Exception:
                pass

            # Self-signed check
            is_self_signed = cert.subject == cert.issuer

            return APKCertificate(
                subject=subject,
                issuer=issuer,
                serial_number=serial,
                valid_from=valid_from,
                valid_to=valid_to,
                thumbprint_sha1=thumbprint_sha1,
                thumbprint_sha256=thumbprint_sha256,
                algorithm=algorithm,
                key_size=key_size,
                is_self_signed=is_self_signed,
                certificate_source_scheme=source_scheme,
            )
        except Exception as e:
            self.log.error(f"Error extracting certificate info: {e}")
            return None

    def _get_signer_certificate(self, schemes) -> Tuple[Optional[APKCertificate], Optional[str]]:
        """Identify the actual signer certificate using V3>V2>V1 priority.

        V2/V3: certificates[0] is the signer per spec.
        V1: androguard's get_certificate() does SignerInfo matching internally.

        Returns (signer_cert_info, source_scheme) or (None, None).
        """
        # V3 takes priority (Android 9+)
        if 3 in schemes:
            try:
                certs = self.apk.get_certificates_v3()
                if certs:
                    cert_info = self._extract_certificate_info(certs[0], source_scheme='v3')
                    if cert_info:
                        return cert_info, 'v3'
            except Exception as e:
                self.log.debug(f"V3 signer extraction failed: {e}")

        # V2 next (Android 7.0+)
        if 2 in schemes:
            try:
                certs = self.apk.get_certificates_v2()
                if certs:
                    cert_info = self._extract_certificate_info(certs[0], source_scheme='v2')
                    if cert_info:
                        return cert_info, 'v2'
            except Exception as e:
                self.log.debug(f"V2 signer extraction failed: {e}")

        # V1 fallback — androguard does SignerInfo.issuerAndSerialNumber matching
        if 1 in schemes:
            try:
                names = self.apk.get_signature_names()
                if names:
                    cert = self.apk.get_certificate(names[0])
                    if cert:
                        cert_info = self._extract_certificate_info(cert, source_scheme='v1')
                        if cert_info:
                            return cert_info, 'v1'
            except Exception as e:
                self.log.debug(f"V1 signer extraction failed: {e}")

        return None, None

    def _extract_all_certificates(self, schemes):
        """Extract all certificates with their source scheme tracked.

        Uses scheme-specific methods to preserve source information,
        deduplicating by thumbprint_sha1 and merging source schemes.
        """
        # cert thumbprint -> (APKCertificate, set of source schemes)
        seen = {}

        for scheme_num, method_name in [
            (3, 'get_certificates_v3'),
            (2, 'get_certificates_v2'),
            (1, 'get_certificates_v1'),
        ]:
            if scheme_num not in schemes:
                continue
            try:
                method = getattr(self.apk, method_name, None)
                if method is None:
                    continue
                certs = method()
                if not certs:
                    continue
                for cert in certs:
                    cert_info = self._extract_certificate_info(cert, source_scheme=f'v{scheme_num}')
                    if cert_info:
                        key = cert_info.thumbprint_sha1
                        if key in seen:
                            # Merge source schemes
                            existing_cert, existing_schemes = seen[key]
                            existing_schemes.add(f'v{scheme_num}')
                        else:
                            seen[key] = (cert_info, {f'v{scheme_num}'})
            except Exception as e:
                self.log.warning(f"Error extracting v{scheme_num} certificates: {e}")

        # Build final list with merged source schemes
        result = []
        for cert_info, source_schemes in seen.values():
            cert_info.certificate_source_scheme = ','.join(sorted(source_schemes))
            result.append(cert_info)

        return result

    def extract(self):
        if not self._is_valid_apk():
            self.log.error(f"Invalid APK for {self.hash.sha256}")
            return None

        schemes = self._detect_signature_schemes()
        is_signed = len(schemes) > 0

        # Extract all certificates with source scheme tracking
        certificates = self._extract_all_certificates(schemes)

        # Identify the actual signer using V3>V2>V1 priority
        signer_cert, signer_scheme = self._get_signer_certificate(schemes)

        apk_signer_subject = signer_cert.subject if signer_cert else None
        apk_signer_issuer = signer_cert.issuer if signer_cert else None

        self.signing_info = APKCodeSigningInfo(
            _id=self.sha256,
            is_signed=is_signed,
            signature_scheme_versions=schemes,
            number_of_certificates=len(certificates),
            x509_certificates=certificates if certificates else None,
            apk_signer_subject=apk_signer_subject,
            apk_signer_issuer=apk_signer_issuer,
        )
        return self.signing_info

    def prepare_export_data(self, exporter_type: str) -> Any:
        if exporter_type == "ClickHouseExporter":
            if not self.signing_info:
                return None

            current_time = datetime.now(timezone.utc)
            sig = self.signing_info

            # Signature summary table
            signature_data = [[
                self.sha256,
                int(sig.is_signed),
                sig.signature_scheme_versions,
                sig.number_of_certificates,
                sig.apk_signer_subject,
                sig.apk_signer_issuer,
                current_time,
            ]]

            # Certificates table (one row per certificate)
            certificates_data = []
            if sig.x509_certificates:
                for cert in sig.x509_certificates:
                    certificates_data.append([
                        self.sha256,
                        cert.subject,
                        cert.issuer,
                        cert.serial_number,
                        datetime.strptime(cert.valid_from, "%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S") if cert.valid_from else None,
                        datetime.strptime(cert.valid_to, "%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S") if cert.valid_to else None,
                        cert.thumbprint_sha1,
                        cert.algorithm,
                        cert.key_size,
                        int(cert.is_self_signed),
                        cert.certificate_source_scheme,
                        current_time,
                    ])

            return {
                'multi_table': True,
                'signature': {
                    'table': 'redb_apk_signature',
                    'data': signature_data,
                    'column_names': [
                        'sha256',
                        'is_signed', 'signature_scheme_versions',
                        'number_of_certificates',
                        'apk_signer_subject', 'apk_signer_issuer',
                        'analysis_date',
                    ],
                    'column_type_names': [
                        'FixedString(64)',
                        'UInt8', 'Array(UInt8)',
                        'UInt8',
                        'Nullable(String)', 'Nullable(String)',
                        "DateTime64(3, 'UTC')",
                    ],
                },
                'certificates': {
                    'table': 'redb_apk_certificates',
                    'data': certificates_data,
                    'column_names': [
                        'sha256', 'certificate_subject', 'certificate_issuer',
                        'certificate_serial_number',
                        'certificate_valid_from', 'certificate_valid_to',
                        'certificate_thumbprint',
                        'certificate_algorithm', 'key_size', 'is_self_signed',
                        'certificate_source_scheme',
                        'analysis_date',
                    ],
                    'column_type_names': [
                        'FixedString(64)', 'String', 'String', 'String',
                        "DateTime64(3, 'UTC')", "DateTime64(3, 'UTC')",
                        'FixedString(40)',
                        'LowCardinality(String)', 'Nullable(UInt16)', 'UInt8',
                        'LowCardinality(String)',
                        "DateTime64(3, 'UTC')",
                    ],
                },
            }

    def get_clickhouse_table(self) -> str:
        return "redb_apk_signature"