Carlos de-Castro-Lozano

27 papers B 1Journal 4Unranked 20
YearRankTypeTitle / Venue / Authors
2026 J jnl
Algorithms
Joaquín Aguilar, Cristóbal Romero, Carlos de-Castro-Lozano, Enrique García
2025 conf
IberLEF@SEPLN
Yoan Martínez-López, Mayte Guerra Saborit, Yanaima Jauriga, Ireimis de las Mercedes Leguen de Varona, Julio Madera, Ansel Y. Rodríguez-González, Carlos de-Castro-Lozano, José Miguel Ramírez Uceda, José Carlos Arévalo Fernández
2025 conf
IberLEF@SEPLN
Yoan Martínez-López, Yanaima Jauriga, Mayte Guerra Saborit, Julio Madera, Ansel Y. Rodríguez-González, Carlos de-Castro-Lozano, José Miguel Ramírez Uceda
2025 conf
IberLEF@SEPLN
Yoan Martínez-López, José Carlos Hernández-Nieto, Ansel Y. Rodríguez-Gonzalez, Julio Madera, Ana Orquidea López Correoso, Carlos de-Castro-Lozano, José Miguel Ramírez Uceda, José Carlos Arévalo Fernández
2025 conf
IberLEF@SEPLN
Yoan Martínez-López, Mayte Guerra Saborit, Ansel Y. Rodríguez-Gónzalez, Julio Madera, Ana Orquidea López Correoso, Carlos de-Castro-Lozano, José Miguel Ramírez Uceda, José Carlos Arévalo Fernández
2025 conf
IberLEF@SEPLN
Yoan Martínez-López, Ireimis de las Mercedes Leguen de Varona, Miguel Bethencourt Mayedo, Demetrio Rodríguez Fernández, Julio Madera, Ansel Yoan Rodríguez-González, Carlos de-Castro-Lozano, José Miguel Ramírez Uceda, José Carlos Arévalo Fernández
2015 conf
ICL
Juan Carlos Torres-Diaz, Héctor Gómez, Susana Arias, Alfonso Infante Moro, Carlos de-Castro-Lozano, Silvia Torres
2014 conf
HCI (11)
Cristiani de Oliveira Dias, Liliana Maria Passerino, Carlos de-Castro-Lozano, Enrique García Salcines
2013 J jnl
Sensors
Beatriz Sainz de Abajo, Jonathan Antolín, Miguel López Coronado, Carlos de-Castro-Lozano
2011 ed.
ADNTIIC
Francisco V. Cipolla Ficarra, Carlos de-Castro-Lozano, Mauricio Pérez Jiménez, Emma Nicol, Andreas Kratky, Miguel Cipolla-Ficarra
2011 conf
CCGIDIS
Beatriz Sainz de Abajo, Javier Sánchez González, Francisco Javier Burón Fernández, Enrique García Salcines, Miguel López Coronado, Carlos de-Castro-Lozano
2011 conf
WSKS
Francisco Javier Burón Fernández, Beatriz Sainz de Abajo, José Miguel Ramírez, Enrique García Salcines, Carlos de-Castro-Lozano
2011 ed.
HCITOCH
Francisco V. Cipolla Ficarra, Carlos de-Castro-Lozano, Emma Nicol, Andreas Kratky, Miguel Cipolla-Ficarra
2011 conf
CCGIDIS
José Miguel Ramírez Uceda, Remedios María Robles González, Enrique García Salcines, Francisco Javier Burón Fernández, Beatriz Sainz de Abajo, Carlos de-Castro-Lozano
2011 conf
CCGIDIS
Francisco Javier Burón Fernández, Rafael Mena, Beatriz Sainz de Abajo, Enrique García Salcines, Carlos de-Castro-Lozano
2011 conf
HCITOCH
Beatriz Sainz de Abajo, Lucas D. P. Mendes, José Miguel Ramírez Uceda, Remedios María Robles González, Francisco Javier Burón Fernández, Enrique García Salcines, Miguel López Coronado, Carlos de-Castro-Lozano
2010 conf
HCITOCH
Beatriz Sainz de Abajo, Alberto Flores García, Enrique García Salcines, Francisco Javier Burón Fernández, Miguel López Coronado, Carlos de-Castro-Lozano
2010 B conf
AVI
Konstantinos Chorianopoulos, Francisco Javier Burón Fernández, Enrique García Salcines, Carlos de-Castro-Lozano
2010 conf
WSKS (1)
Beatriz Sainz de Abajo, Isabel de la Torre Díez, Enrique García Salcines, Francisco Javier Burón Fernández, Francisco Javier Díaz Pernas, Miguel López Coronado, Carlos de-Castro-Lozano
2010 conf
ADNTIIC
Carlos de-Castro-Lozano, Francisco Javier Burón Fernández, Beatriz Sainz de Abajo, Enrique García Salcines
2010 conf
ADNTIIC
Carlos de-Castro-Lozano, Enrique García, José Miguel Ramírez, Francisco Javier Burón Fernández, Beatriz Sainz de Abajo, R. Sánchez, R. M. Robles, J. C. Torres, John Bell, Francisco Alcantud Marin
2010 conf
HCITOCH
Carlos de-Castro-Lozano, Enrique García Salcines, Beatriz Sainz de Abajo, Francisco Javier Burón Fernández, José Miguel Ramírez, José Gabriel Zato Recellado, Rafael Sanchez Montoya, John Bell, Francisco Alcantud Marin
2010 conf
HCITOCH
Beatriz Sainz de Abajo, Enrique García Salcines, Francisco Javier Burón Fernández, Miguel López Coronado, Carlos de-Castro-Lozano
2010 conf
HCITOCH
Carlos de-Castro-Lozano, Enrique García Salcines, Beatriz Sainz de Abajo, Francisco Javier Burón Fernández, José Miguel Ramírez, José Gabriel Zato Recellado, Rafael Sanchez Montoya, John Bell, Francisco Alcantud Marin
2010 conf
ADNTIIC
Carlos de-Castro-Lozano, Enrique García, José Miguel Ramírez, Francisco Javier Burón Fernández, Beatriz Sainz de Abajo, R. Sánchez, R. M. Robles, J. C. Torres, John Bell, Francisco Alcantud Marin
2008 J jnl
Rev. Iberoam. de Tecnol. del Aprendiz.
Enrique García Salcines, Cristóbal Romero, Sebastián Ventura, Carlos de-Castro-Lozano
2002 J jnl
Int. J. Hum. Comput. Interact.
Antonio Moreno-Muñoz, Adolfo Plaza-Alonso, Carlos de-Castro-Lozano, Sebastián Dormido-Bencomo
tests/unit/test_apk_strings_ioc.py
← Index tests/unit/test_apk_strings_ioc.py python
"""Tests for APK string extraction and IOC extraction integration.

Covers:
- APKCodeAnalyzer._extract_strings() — string extraction from DEX objects
- APKCodeAnalyzer._string_entropy() — Shannon entropy computation
- DecompileAPK strings export table schema
- IOCExtractorFromResults with APK-format analysis_results
- Worker IOC wiring for APK
"""
import os
import tempfile
from dataclasses import asdict
from unittest.mock import MagicMock, patch

import pytest

from redb.extractors.ioc_extractor.ioc_extractor import IOCExtractorFromResults
from redb.extractors.ioc_extractor.standalone_ioc_extractor import (
    IOCType,
    SourceType,
)

pytestmark = [pytest.mark.unit, pytest.mark.apk]


# ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
# Helpers
# ---------------------------------------------------------------------------

def _make_analyzer(min_instructions=1):
    """Create an APKCodeAnalyzer with mocked dependencies."""
    with patch(
        "redb.extractors.decompiler.apk.analyzer.JADXDecompiler"
    ), patch(
        "redb.extractors.decompiler.apk.analyzer.ApktoolDisassembler"
    ):
        from redb.extractors.decompiler.apk.analyzer import APKCodeAnalyzer
        analyzer = APKCodeAnalyzer("/fake/path.apk")
        analyzer.min_instructions = min_instructions
        return analyzer


def _make_mock_dex(strings):
    """Create a mock DEX object that returns the given strings."""
    dex = MagicMock()
    dex.get_strings.return_value = strings
    return dex


def _create_fake_apk_file():
    """Create a temporary file to act as a fake APK."""
    fd, path = tempfile.mkstemp(suffix=".apk")
    os.write(fd, b"PK\x03\x04fake apk content for hashing")
    os.close(fd)
    return path


# ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
# Tests: _string_entropy
# ---------------------------------------------------------------------------

class TestStringEntropy:
    """Tests for Shannon entropy computation."""

    def test_empty_string(self):
        analyzer = _make_analyzer()
        assert analyzer._string_entropy("") == 0.0

    def test_single_char(self):
        analyzer = _make_analyzer()
        assert analyzer._string_entropy("a") == 0.0

    def test_repeated_char(self):
        analyzer = _make_analyzer()
        assert analyzer._string_entropy("aaaa") == 0.0

    def test_two_equal_chars(self):
        analyzer = _make_analyzer()
        # "ab" -> entropy = 1.0
        assert abs(analyzer._string_entropy("ab") - 1.0) < 0.01

    def test_higher_entropy(self):
        analyzer = _make_analyzer()
        # More variety = higher entropy
        low = analyzer._string_entropy("aabb")
        high = analyzer._string_entropy("abcd")
        assert high > low

    def test_url_string_entropy(self):
        analyzer = _make_analyzer()
        entropy = analyzer._string_entropy("https://evil.com/payload")
        assert entropy > 2.0  # URLs have moderate entropy


# ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
# Tests: _extract_strings
# ---------------------------------------------------------------------------

class TestExtractStrings:
    """Tests for DEX string extraction."""

    def test_basic_extraction(self):
        analyzer = _make_analyzer()
        dex = _make_mock_dex(["hello", "world"])
        result = analyzer._extract_strings([dex])

        assert len(result) == 2
        assert result[0]["string"] == "hello"
        assert result[1]["string"] == "world"

    def test_string_fields_present(self):
        analyzer = _make_analyzer()
        dex = _make_mock_dex(["test_string"])
        result = analyzer._extract_strings([dex])

        entry = result[0]
        assert "string" in entry
        assert "string_encoding" in entry
        assert "string_offset" in entry
        assert "string_length" in entry
        assert "string_entropy" in entry
        assert entry["string_encoding"] == "UTF8"
        assert entry["string_length"] == len("test_string")

    def test_deduplication_across_dex(self):
        """Same string in multiple DEX files is only extracted once."""
        analyzer = _make_analyzer()
        dex1 = _make_mock_dex(["shared", "unique1"])
        dex2 = _make_mock_dex(["shared", "unique2"])
        result = analyzer._extract_strings([dex1, dex2])

        string_values = [s["string"] for s in result]
        assert string_values.count("shared") == 1
        assert "unique1" in string_values
        assert "unique2" in string_values
        assert len(result) == 3

    def test_empty_strings_filtered(self):
        analyzer = _make_analyzer()
        dex = _make_mock_dex(["", "valid", None, "also_valid"])
        result = analyzer._extract_strings([dex])

        string_values = [s["string"] for s in result]
        assert "" not in string_values
        assert None not in string_values
        assert "valid" in string_values
        assert "also_valid" in string_values

    def test_no_dex_files(self):
        analyzer = _make_analyzer()
        result = analyzer._extract_strings([])
        assert result == []

    def test_dex_get_strings_returns_none(self):
        analyzer = _make_analyzer()
        dex = MagicMock()
        dex.get_strings.return_value = None
        result = analyzer._extract_strings([dex])
        assert result == []

    def test_dex_get_strings_exception(self):
        analyzer = _make_analyzer()
        dex = MagicMock()
        dex.get_strings.side_effect = RuntimeError("corrupt DEX")
        result = analyzer._extract_strings([dex])
        assert result == []

    def test_entropy_computed(self):
        analyzer = _make_analyzer()
        dex = _make_mock_dex(["abcdefgh"])
        result = analyzer._extract_strings([dex])
        assert result[0]["string_entropy"] > 0.0

    def test_incremental_offsets(self):
        """String offsets are incremented sequentially."""
        analyzer = _make_analyzer()
        dex = _make_mock_dex(["a", "b", "c"])
        result = analyzer._extract_strings([dex])

        offsets = [s["string_offset"] for s in result]
        assert offsets == [0, 1, 2]

    def test_url_strings_preserved(self):
        """URL strings are extracted without modification."""
        analyzer = _make_analyzer()
        dex = _make_mock_dex([
            "https://evil.com/payload",
            "http://c2.malware.org/gate",
        ])
        result = analyzer._extract_strings([dex])
        strings = [s["string"] for s in result]
        assert "https://evil.com/payload" in strings
        assert "http://c2.malware.org/gate" in strings


# ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
# Tests: strings in extract() integration
# ---------------------------------------------------------------------------

class TestExtractStringsIntegration:
    """Tests that strings are included in extract() results."""

    @patch("redb.extractors.decompiler.apk.analyzer.APKCodeAnalyzer._run_androguard")
    @patch("redb.extractors.decompiler.apk.analyzer.ApktoolDisassembler")
    @patch("redb.extractors.decompiler.apk.analyzer.JADXDecompiler")
    def test_extract_includes_strings(self, mock_jadx, mock_apktool, mock_androguard):
        from redb.extractors.decompiler.apk.analyzer import APKCodeAnalyzer

        mock_dex = _make_mock_dex(["hello", "world"])
        mock_analysis = MagicMock()
        mock_analysis.get_methods.return_value = []
        mock_androguard.return_value = (MagicMock(), [mock_dex], mock_analysis)

        analyzer = APKCodeAnalyzer("/fake/path.apk", log=MagicMock())
        results = analyzer.extract()

        assert "strings" in results
        assert len(results["strings"]) == 2
        assert results["strings"][0]["string"] == "hello"
        analyzer.cleanup()

    @patch("redb.extractors.decompiler.apk.analyzer.APKCodeAnalyzer._run_androguard")
    @patch("redb.extractors.decompiler.apk.analyzer.ApktoolDisassembler")
    @patch("redb.extractors.decompiler.apk.analyzer.JADXDecompiler")
    def test_extract_strings_error_is_non_fatal(self, mock_jadx, mock_apktool, mock_androguard):
        from redb.extractors.decompiler.apk.analyzer import APKCodeAnalyzer

        # Return a bad dex list that will cause _extract_strings to fail
        mock_analysis = MagicMock()
        mock_analysis.get_methods.return_value = []
        # dexs is not iterable — triggers the except block
        mock_androguard.return_value = (MagicMock(), 42, mock_analysis)

        analyzer = APKCodeAnalyzer("/fake/path.apk", log=MagicMock())
        results = analyzer.extract()

        # Should not crash, strings should be empty, error recorded
        assert results["strings"] == []
        assert any(
            e.get("error_location") == "strings"
            for e in results["analysis_errors"]
        )
        analyzer.cleanup()


# ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
# Tests: DecompileAPK strings export table
# ---------------------------------------------------------------------------

class TestDecompileAPKStringsExport:
    """Tests for strings table in DecompileAPK.prepare_export_data()."""

    def _make_extractor_with_strings(self, strings_data):
        from redb.extractors.decompiler.DecompileAPK import DecompileAPK
        apk_path = _create_fake_apk_file()
        ext = DecompileAPK(apk_path, MagicMock())
        ext.analysis_results = {
            "sha256": "a" * 64,
            "sha1": "b" * 40,
            "md5": "c" * 32,
            "decompiled_content": [],
            "decompiled_refs": [],
            "smali_content": [],
            "smali_refs": [],
            "similarity_metrics": [],
            "strings": strings_data,
            "analysis_errors": [],
        }
        return ext, apk_path

    def test_strings_table_present(self):
        ext, path = self._make_extractor_with_strings([
            {"string": "hello", "string_encoding": "UTF8",
             "string_offset": 0, "string_length": 5, "string_entropy": 2.32}
        ])
        try:
            export = ext.prepare_export_data("ClickHouseExporter")
            assert "strings_raw" in export
        finally:
            os.unlink(path)

    def test_strings_table_schema(self):
        ext, path = self._make_extractor_with_strings([
            {"string": "hello", "string_encoding": "UTF8",
             "string_offset": 0, "string_length": 5, "string_entropy": 2.32}
        ])
        try:
            export = ext.prepare_export_data("ClickHouseExporter")
            sr = export["strings_raw"]
            assert sr["table"] == "code_binja_strings_raw"
            assert len(sr["column_names"]) == 8
            assert len(sr["column_type_names"]) == 8
            assert "sha256" in sr["column_names"]
            assert "string" in sr["column_names"]
            assert "string_raw" in sr["column_names"]
            assert "string_encoding" in sr["column_names"]
            assert "string_offset" in sr["column_names"]
            assert "string_length" in sr["column_names"]
            assert "string_raw_length" in sr["column_names"]
            assert "string_entropy" in sr["column_names"]
            assert len(sr["data"]) == 1
            assert len(sr["data"][0]) == 8
        finally:
            os.unlink(path)

    def test_strings_sha256_propagated(self):
        ext, path = self._make_extractor_with_strings([
            {"string": "test", "string_encoding": "UTF8",
             "string_offset": 0, "string_length": 4, "string_entropy": 2.0}
        ])
        try:
            export = ext.prepare_export_data("ClickHouseExporter")
            row = export["strings_raw"]["data"][0]
            assert row[0] == "a" * 64  # sha256 is first column
        finally:
            os.unlink(path)

    def test_empty_strings_not_exported(self):
        ext, path = self._make_extractor_with_strings([])
        try:
            export = ext.prepare_export_data("ClickHouseExporter")
            assert "strings_raw" not in export
        finally:
            os.unlink(path)


# ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
# Tests: IOCExtractorFromResults with APK format
# ---------------------------------------------------------------------------

class TestIOCExtractorAPKFormat:
    """Tests that IOCExtractorFromResults handles APK analysis_results."""

    def setup_method(self):
        self.log = MagicMock()

    def test_extract_iocs_from_apk_strings(self):
        """IOCs extracted from APK strings (same format as Binja)."""
        results = {
            "strings": [
                {"string": "https://evil.com/payload", "string_offset": 0},
                {"string": "Contact [email protected]", "string_offset": 1},
            ],
            "decompiled": [],
            "decompiled_content": [],
        }
        extractor = IOCExtractorFromResults(results, sha256="a" * 64, log=self.log)
        iocs = extractor.extract()

        url_iocs = [i for i in iocs if i.ioc_type == IOCType.URL]
        assert len(url_iocs) >= 1
        assert any("evil.com" in i.ioc_value for i in url_iocs)

    def test_extract_iocs_from_apk_decompiled_content(self):
        """IOCs extracted from APK's decompiled_content key."""
        results = {
            "strings": [],
            "decompiled": [],  # Binja format — empty
            "decompiled_content": [  # APK format
                {
                    "decompiled_method": "connect('https://c2.malware.org/gate');",
                    "decompiled_method_hash": "hash123",
                    "method_type": "USER",
                }
            ],
        }
        extractor = IOCExtractorFromResults(results, sha256="a" * 64, log=self.log)
        iocs = extractor.extract()

        url_iocs = [i for i in iocs if i.ioc_type == IOCType.URL]
        assert len(url_iocs) >= 1

    def test_apk_library_methods_skipped(self):
        """LIBRARY methods in decompiled_content are skipped."""
        results = {
            "strings": [],
            "decompiled": [],
            "decompiled_content": [
                {
                    "decompiled_method": "https://should-skip.com",
                    "decompiled_method_hash": "lib_hash",
                    "method_type": "LIBRARY",
                }
            ],
        }
        extractor = IOCExtractorFromResults(results, sha256="a" * 64, log=self.log)
        iocs = extractor.extract()
        assert len(iocs) == 0

    def test_combined_binja_and_apk_sources(self):
        """Both Binja and APK format decompiled entries are processed."""
        results = {
            "strings": [],
            "decompiled": [
                {
                    "decompiled_function": "call('https://binja.example.com');",
                    "decompiled_function_hash": "binja_hash",
                    "function_type": "USER",
                }
            ],
            "decompiled_content": [
                {
                    "decompiled_method": "send('https://apk.example.com');",
                    "decompiled_method_hash": "apk_hash",
                    "method_type": "USER",
                }
            ],
        }
        extractor = IOCExtractorFromResults(results, sha256="a" * 64, log=self.log)
        iocs = extractor.extract()

        url_iocs = [i for i in iocs if i.ioc_type == IOCType.URL]
        urls = [i.ioc_value for i in url_iocs]
        assert any("binja.example.com" in u for u in urls)
        assert any("apk.example.com" in u for u in urls)

    def test_apk_results_only(self):
        """Works when only APK keys are present (no 'decompiled' key)."""
        results = {
            "strings": [
                {"string": "https://evil.com", "string_offset": 0},
            ],
            "decompiled_content": [
                {
                    "decompiled_method": "x = 1",
                    "decompiled_method_hash": "h",
                    "method_type": "USER",
                }
            ],
        }
        extractor = IOCExtractorFromResults(results, sha256="a" * 64, log=self.log)
        iocs = extractor.extract()
        # Should not crash, and should find URL from strings
        url_iocs = [i for i in iocs if i.ioc_type == IOCType.URL]
        assert len(url_iocs) >= 1

    def test_source_type_is_string_for_strings(self):
        results = {
            "strings": [
                {"string": "https://evil.com/test", "string_offset": 42},
            ],
            "decompiled_content": [],
        }
        extractor = IOCExtractorFromResults(results, sha256="a" * 64, log=self.log)
        iocs = extractor.extract()
        url_iocs = [i for i in iocs if i.ioc_type == IOCType.URL]
        assert url_iocs[0].source_type == SourceType.STRING
        assert url_iocs[0].source_identifier == "42"

    def test_source_type_is_decompiled_for_methods(self):
        results = {
            "strings": [],
            "decompiled_content": [
                {
                    "decompiled_method": "https://evil.com/method",
                    "decompiled_method_hash": "myhash",
                    "method_type": "USER",
                }
            ],
        }
        extractor = IOCExtractorFromResults(results, sha256="a" * 64, log=self.log)
        iocs = extractor.extract()
        url_iocs = [i for i in iocs if i.ioc_type == IOCType.URL]
        assert url_iocs[0].source_type == SourceType.DECOMPILED_FUNCTION
        assert url_iocs[0].source_identifier == "myhash"


# ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
# Tests: Worker IOC wiring for APK
# ---------------------------------------------------------------------------

class TestWorkerAPKIOCWiring:
    """Tests that workers.py wires IOC extraction for APK."""

    def test_worker_source_contains_ioc_for_apk(self):
        """Verify workers.py source has IOC extraction in APK branch."""
        import inspect
        from redb import workers
        source = inspect.getsource(workers)
        # APK branch should import IOCExtractorFromResults
        assert "IOCExtractorFromResults" in source
        # Should be in the APK section (near DecompileAPK)
        apk_section = source[source.index("DecompileAPK("):]
        ioc_pos = apk_section.find("IOCExtractorFromResults")
        assert ioc_pos != -1, "IOCExtractorFromResults not found after DecompileAPK"