Alexander Klippel

109 papers A* 8A 1B 2C 8Journal 34Unranked 54

Year	Rank	Type	Title / Venue / Authors
2026	J	`jnl`	Virtual reality serious games for promoting environmental systems thinking and pro-environmental policy support. Comput. Educ. Joseph G. Guerriero, Pejman Sajjadi, Janet K. Swim, Alexander Klippel, Jamie DeCoster, Mahda M. Bagher
2025	—	`conf`	AReplica: User-Centered Design of an Augmented Reality Portion Size Estimation Tool for Dietary Intake Assessment. VR Workshops Nina Rosa, Esther Kok, Els Siebelink, Michelle van Alst, Travis D. Masterson, Alexander Klippel
2025	J	`jnl`	AnywhereXR: On-the-fly 3D Environments as a Basis for Open Source Immersive Digital Twin Applications. CoRR Alexander Klippel, Bart Knuiman, Jiayan Zhao, Jan Oliver Wallgrün, Jascha Grübel
2025	J	`jnl`	AnywhereXR: on-the-fly 3D environments as a basis for open source immersive digital twin applications. Int. J. Digit. Earth Alexander Klippel, Bart Knuiman, Jiayan Zhao, Jan Oliver Wallgrün, Jascha Grübel
2025	—	`conf`	Integrating Virtual Reality and Physiological Measures to study Restorative Environments for Mental Well-Being. VR Workshops Layla Farmahini Farahani, Ifigeneia Mavridou, Jiayan Zhao, Alexander Klippel
2025	—	`conf`	Optimizing Velocity Thresholds for Fixation Detection in Virtual Reality Using the I-VT Algorithm. VR Workshops Jiayan Zhao, Ate Jepma, Jan Oliver Wallgrün, Alexander Klippel
2025	—	`conf`	V-CURRENTS: Virtual Collaborative Underwater Realities for Engagement and Novel Teaching Spaces. VR Workshops Alexander Klippel, Jeroen Hubert, Jan Oliver Wallgrün, Joseph Henry, Thomas Bruhn, Timon Verduijn, Tinka Murk
2024	J	`jnl`	Experiencing the future: Evaluating a new framework for the participatory co-design of healthy public spaces using immersive virtual reality. Comput. Environ. Urban Syst. Gamze Dane, Suzan Evers, Pauline van den Berg, Alexander Klippel, Timon Verduijn, Jan Oliver Wallgrün, Theo A. Arentze
2023	—	`conf`	Advancing Forest Monitoring and Assessment Through Immersive Virtual Reality. AGILE Conf. Raphael Zürcher, Jiayan Zhao, Alvaro Lau Sarmiento, Benjamin Brede, Alexander Klippel
2023	—	`conf`	AnywhereXR - Laying the Foundation for Open Source Embodied Digital Twin Applications. IMET Alexander Klippel, Bart Knuiman, Jiayan Zhao, Jan Oliver Wallgrün, Sebastian Garzon
2023	J	`jnl`	Corrigendum: Remote iVR for nutrition education: from design to evaluation. Frontiers Comput. Sci. Pejman Sajjadi, Caitlyn G. Edwards, Jiayan Zhao, Alex Fatemi, John W. Long, Alexander Klippel, Travis D. Masterson
2023	J	`jnl`	Editorial: Human spatial perception, cognition, and behaviour in extended reality. Frontiers Virtual Real. Jiayan Zhao, Bernhard E. Riecke, Jonathan W. Kelly, Jeanine K. Stefanucci, Alexander Klippel
2022	J	`jnl`	Remote iVR for Nutrition Education: From Design to Evaluation. Frontiers Comput. Sci. Pejman Sajjadi, Caitlyn G. Edwards, Jiayan Zhao, Alex Fatemi, John W. Long, Alexander Klippel, Travis D. Masterson
2022	J	`jnl`	Virtual geographic environment construction based on ubiquitous geographic information. Trans. GIS Songshan Yue, Hui Lin, Guonian Lü, Alexander Klippel, Min Chen
2021	C	`ed.`	7th International Conference of the Immersive Learning Research Network, iLRN 2021, Eureka, CA, USA, May 17 - June 10, 2021 iLRN Daphne Economou, Anasol Peña-Ríos, Andreas Dengel, Heather Dodds, Markos Mentzelopoulos, Alexander Klippel, Kai Erenli, Mark J. W. Lee, Jonathon Richter
2021	A*	`conf`	CrowdXR - Pitfalls and Potentials of Experiments with Remote Participants. ISMAR Jiayan Zhao, Mark B. Simpson, Pejman Sajjadi, Jan Oliver Wallgrün, Ping Li, Mahda M. Bagher, Danielle Oprean, Lace M. K. Padilla, Alexander Klippel
2021	—	`conf`	Fostering Geological Thinking Through Virtual Strike and Dip Measurements. VR Workshops Natalie Bursztyn, Hannah Riegel, Pejman Sajjadi, Bart Masters, Jiayan Zhao, Jiawei Huang, Mahda M. Bagher, Jan Oliver Wallgrün, Alexander Klippel
2021	—	`conf`	HMD Type and Spatial Ability: Effects on the Experiences and Learning of Students in Immersive Virtual Field Trips. VR Workshops Pejman Sajjadi, Jiayan Zhao, Jan Oliver Wallgrün, Peter C. LaFemina, Alexander Klippel
2021	C	`conf`	Influence of HMD Type and Spatial Ability on Experiences and Learning in Place-based Education. iLRN Pejman Sajjadi, Jiayan Zhao, Jan Oliver Wallgrün, Peter La Femina, Alexander Klippel
2021	J	`jnl`	Move The Object or Move The User: The Role of Interaction Techniques on Embodied Learning in VR. Frontiers Virtual Real. Mahda M. Bagher, Pejman Sajjadi, Jan Oliver Wallgrün, Peter La Femina, Alexander Klippel
2021	C	`conf`	Place-Based Learning Through a Proxy - Variations in the Perceived Benefits of a Virtual Tour. iLRN Jan Oliver Wallgrün, Eric Knapp, Alan Taylor, Alexander Klippel, Jiayan Zhao, Pejman Sajjadi
2021	J	`jnl`	Walking through the forests of the future: using data-driven virtual reality to visualize forests under climate change. Int. J. Geogr. Inf. Sci. Jiawei Huang, Melissa S. Lucash, Robert M. Scheller, Alexander Klippel
2020	C	`ed.`	6th International Conference of the Immersive Learning Research Network, iLRN 2020, San Luis Obispo, CA, USA, June 21-25, 2020 iLRN Daphne Economou, Alexander Klippel, Heather Dodds, Anasol Peña-Ríos, Mark J. W. Lee, Dennis Beck, Johanna Pirker, Andreas Dengel, Tiago M. Peres, Jonathon Richter
2020	A*	`conf`	A Comparison of Visual Attention Guiding Approaches for 360° Image-Based VR Tours. VR Jan Oliver Wallgrün, Mahda M. Bagher, Pejman Sajjadi, Alexander Klippel
2020	—	`conf`	CZ Investigator: Learning About Critical Zones Through a VR Serious Game. VR Workshops Pejman Sajjadi, Mahda M. Bagher, Zheng Cui, Jessica G. Myrick, Janet K. Swim, Timothy S. White, Alexander Klippel
2020	—	`conf`	Design of a Serious Game to Inform the Public About the Critical Zone. SeGAH Pejman Sajjadi, Mahda M. Bagher, Zheng Cui, Jessica G. Myrick, Janet K. Swim, Timothy S. White, Alexander Klippel
2020	J	`jnl`	Desktop versus immersive virtual environments: effects on spatial learning. Spatial Cogn. Comput. Jiayan Zhao, Tesalee Sensibaugh, Bobby Bodenheimer, Timothy P. McNamara, Alina Nazareth, Nora S. Newcombe, Meredith Minear, Alexander Klippel
2020	—	`conf`	Extended Realities - How Changing Scale Affects Spatial Learning. VR Workshops Jiayan Zhao, Mark B. Simpson, Jan Oliver Wallgrün, Pejman Sajjadi, Alexander Klippel
2020	C	`conf`	Fostering Penetrative Thinking in Geosciences Through Immersive Experiences: A Case Study in Visualizing Earthquake Locations in 3D. iLRN Mahda M. Bagher, Pejman Sajjadi, Julia Carr, Peter La Femina, Alexander Klippel
2020	J	`jnl`	From spatial to platial - the role and future of immersive technologies in the spatial sciences. J. Spatial Inf. Sci. Alexander Klippel
2020	—	`conf`	Immersive Place-based Learning - An Extended Research Framework. VR Workshops Alexander Klippel, Jiayan Zhao, Pejman Sajjadi, Jan Oliver Wallgrün, Mahda M. Bagher, Danielle Oprean
2020	A*	`conf`	Learning in the Field: Comparison of Desktop, Immersive Virtual Reality, and Actual Field Trips for Place-Based STEM Education. VR Jiayan Zhao, Peter C. LaFemina, Julia Carr, Pejman Sajjadi, Jan Oliver Wallgrün, Alexander Klippel
2020	C	`conf`	Mixed or Virtual: Does Device Type Matter in Human-ECA Interactions. iLRN Pejman Sajjadi, Mahda M. Bagher, Jan Oliver Wallgrün, Stefan Kopp, Philipp Cimiano, Alexander Klippel
2020	—	`conf`	The Effect of Virtual Agent Gender and Embodiment on the Experiences and Performance of Students in Virtual Field Trips. TALE Pejman Sajjadi, Jiayan Zhao, Jan Oliver Wallgrün, Tanya Furman, Peter C. LaFemina, Alex Fatemi, Zachary E. Zidik, Alexander Klippel
2020	B	`conf`	The Effects of Visual Realism on Spatial Memory and Exploration Patterns in Virtual Reality. VRST Jiawei Huang, Alexander Klippel
2020	J	`jnl`	The value of being there: toward a science of immersive virtual field trips. Virtual Real. Alexander Klippel, Jiayan Zhao, Danielle Oprean, Jan Oliver Wallgrün, Chris Stubbs, Peter La Femina, Kathy L. Jackson
2019	—	`conf`	For the Many, Not the One: Designing Low-Cost Joint VR Experiences for Place-Based Learning. EuroVR Jan Oliver Wallgrün, Jack Shen-Kuen Chang, Jiayan Zhao, Pejman Sajjadi, Danielle Oprean, Thomas B. Murphy, Jennifer Baka, Alexander Klippel
2019	J	`jnl`	Harnessing the power of immersive virtual reality - visualization and analysis of 3D earth science data sets. Geo spatial Inf. Sci. Jiayan Zhao, Jan Oliver Wallgrün, Peter C. LaFemina, Jim Normandeau, Alexander Klippel
2019	—	`conf`	Human Interpretation of Trade-Off Diagrams in Multi-Objective Problems: Implications for Developing Interactive Decision Support Systems. HICSS Danielle Oprean, Caitlin Spence, Mark B. Simpson, Randy Miller Jr., Saurabh Bansal, Klaus Keller, Alexander Klippel
2019	C	`conf`	Immersive Learning in the Wild: A Progress Report. iLRN Alexander Klippel, Danielle Oprean, Jiayan Zhao, Jan Oliver Wallgrün, Peter C. LaFemina, Kathy L. Jackson, Elise Gowen
2019	—	`conf`	Low-Cost VR Applications to Experience Real Word Places Anytime, Anywhere, and with Anyone. WEVR@VR Jan Oliver Wallgrün, Arif Masrur, Jiayan Zhao, Alan Taylor, Eric Knapp, Jack Shen-Kuen Chang, Alexander Klippel
2019	A*	`conf`	Research Framework for Immersive Virtual Field Trips. VR Alexander Klippel, Jiayan Zhao, Danielle Oprean, Jan Oliver Wallgrün, Jack Shen-Kuen Chang
2019	A*	`conf`	Scale - Unexplored Opportunities for Immersive Technologies in Place-based Learning. VR Jiayan Zhao, Alexander Klippel
2019	A*	`conf`	Visualizing Ecological Data in Virtual Reality. VR Jiawei Huang, Melissa S. Lucash, Robert M. Scheller, Alexander Klippel
2019	A*	`conf`	Visualizing Natural Environments from Data in Virtual Reality: Combining Realism and Uncertainty. VR Jiawei Huang, Melissa S. Lucash, Mark B. Simpson, Casey Helgeson, Alexander Klippel
2019	A*	`conf`	Warping Space and Time-Reviving Educational Tools of the 19th Century. VR Alexander Klippel, Jan Oliver Wallgrün, Arif Masrur, Jiayan Zhao, Peter C. LaFemina
2019	J	`jnl`	Where are we now? Re-visiting the Digital Earth through human-centered virtual and augmented reality geovisualization environments. Int. J. Digit. Earth Arzu Çöltekin, Danielle Oprean, Jan Oliver Wallgrün, Alexander Klippel
2018	J	`jnl`	Collaborating remotely: an evaluation of immersive capabilities on spatial experiences and team membership. Int. J. Digit. Earth Danielle Oprean, Mark B. Simpson, Alexander Klippel
2018	—	`ed.`	Spatial Cognition XI - 11th International Conference, Spatial Cognition 2018, Tübingen, Germany, September 5-8, 2018, Proceedings Spatial Cognition Sarah H. Creem-Regehr, Johannes Schöning, Alexander Klippel
2017	—	`conf`	Developing and Evaluating VR Field Trips. COSIT (Workshops/Posters) Danielle Oprean, Jan Oliver Wallgrün, Jose Manuel Pinto Duarte, Debora Verniz, Jiayan Zhao, Alexander Klippel
2017	—	`conf`	Immersive Technologies and Experiences for Archaeological Site Exploration and Analysis. COSIT (Workshops/Posters) Jan Oliver Wallgrün, Jiawei Huang, Jiayan Zhao, Claire Ebert, Paul Roddy, Jaime J. Awe, Tim Murtha, Alexander Klippel
2017	J	`jnl`	Quantifying space, understanding minds: A visual summary approach. J. Spatial Inf. Sci. Mark B. Simpson, Kai-Florian Richter, Jan Oliver Wallgrün, Alexander Klippel
2017	—	`conf`	iVR for the geosciences. KELVAR@VR Jiayan Zhao, Peter C. LaFemina, Jan Oliver Wallgrün, Danielle Oprean, Alexander Klippel
2016	—	`conf`	Immersive Analytics for Multi-objective Dynamic Integrated Climate-Economy (DICE) Models. ISS Companion Mark B. Simpson, Jan Oliver Wallgrün, Alexander Klippel, Liping Yang, Gregory Garner, Klaus Keller, Danielle Oprean, Saurabh Bansal
2016	J	`jnl`	Special issue introduction: Approaching spatial uncertainty visualization to support reasoning and decision making. Spatial Cogn. Comput. Jennifer Smith Mason, Alexander Klippel, Susanne Bleisch, Aidan Slingsby, Stephanie Deitrick
2015	—	`conf`	Citizen Science Land Cover Classification Based on Ground and Aerial Imagery. COSIT Kevin A. Sparks, Alexander Klippel, Jan Oliver Wallgrün, David M. Mark
2015	—	`conf`	Conceptualizing Landscap - A Comparative Study of Landscape Categories with Navajo and English-Speaking Participants. COSIT Alexander Klippel, David M. Mark, Jan Oliver Wallgrün, David Stea
2015	—	`conf`	Towards contextualized models of spatial relations. GIR Jan Oliver Wallgrün, Alexander Klippel, Morteza Karimzadeh
2014	—	`conf`	Boundaries and Prototypes in Categorizing Direction. Spatial Cognition Vivien Mast, Diedrich Wolter, Alexander Klippel, Jan Oliver Wallgrün, Thora Tenbrink
2014	—	`conf`	Building a corpus of spatial relational expressions extracted from web documents. GIR Jan Oliver Wallgrün, Alexander Klippel, Timothy Baldwin
2014	J	`jnl`	Cognitive Evaluation of Spatial Formalisms: Intuitive Granularities of Overlap Relations. Int. J. Cogn. Informatics Nat. Intell. Jan Oliver Wallgrün, Jinlong Yang, Alexander Klippel
2014	J	`jnl`	Exploring Regional Variation in Spatial Language Using Spatially Stratified Web-Sampled Route Direction Documents. Spatial Cogn. Comput. Sen Xu, Alexander Klippel, Alan M. MacEachren, Prasenjit Mitra
2013	—	`conf`	Fundamental Cognitive Concepts of Space (and Time): Using Cross-Linguistic, Crowdsourced Data to Cognitively Calibrate Modes of Overlap. COSIT Alexander Klippel, Jan Oliver Wallgrün, Jinlong Yang, Jennifer Smith Mason, Eun-Kyeong Kim, David M. Mark
2013	—	`conf`	Investigating intuitive granularities of overlap relations. ICCI*CC Jan Oliver Wallgrün, Jinlong Yang, Alexander Klippel
2013	—	`conf`	Linking context and proximity through web corpus. GIR Sen Xu, Alexander Klippel
2012	—	`conf`	Assessing Similarities of Qualitative Spatio-temporal Relations. Spatial Cognition Alexander Klippel, Jinlong Yang, Jan Oliver Wallgrün, Frank Dylla, Rui Li
2012	A	`conf`	Disambiguating Road Names in Text Route Descriptions using Exact-All-Hop Shortest Path Algorithm. ECAI Xiao Zhang, Baojun Qiu, Prasenjit Mitra, Sen Xu, Alexander Klippel, Alan M. MacEachren
2012	J	`jnl`	Formally grounding spatio-temporal thinking. Cogn. Process. Alexander Klippel, Jan Oliver Wallgrün, Jinlong Yang, Rui Li, Frank Dylla
2012	—	`conf`	Investigations into the Cognitive Conceptualization and Similarity Assessment of Spatial Scenes. GIScience Jan Oliver Wallgrün, Jinlong Yang, Alexander Klippel, Frank Dylla
2011	J	`jnl`	GeoCAM: A geovisual analytics workspace to contextualize and interpret statements about movement. J. Spatial Inf. Sci. Anuj R. Jaiswal, Scott Pezanowski, Prasenjit Mitra, Xiao Zhang, Sen Xu, Ian Turton, Alexander Klippel, Alan M. MacEachren
2011	B	`conf`	Geographic Event Conceptualization: Where Spatial and Cognitive Sciences Meet. CogSci Rui Li, Alexander Klippel, Jinlong Yang
2011	—	`conf`	Identifying destinations automatically from human generated route directions. GIS Xiao Zhang, Prasenjit Mitra, Alexander Klippel, Alan M. MacEachren
2011	J	`jnl`	Movement Choremes: Bridging Cognitive Understanding and Formal Characterizations of Movement Patterns. Top. Cogn. Sci. Alexander Klippel
2011	J	`jnl`	Report on the first workshop on Movement Pattern Analysis MPA10. J. Spatial Inf. Sci. Patrick Olivier Laube, Björn Gottfried, Alexander Klippel, Roland Billen, Nico Van de Weghe
2010	J	`jnl`	Analysing spatio-temporal autocorrelation with LISTA-Viz. Int. J. Geogr. Inf. Sci. Frank Hardisty, Alexander Klippel
2010	—	`conf`	Automatic Extraction of Destinations, Origins and Route Parts from Human Generated Route Directions. GIScience Xiao Zhang, Prasenjit Mitra, Alexander Klippel, Alan M. MacEachren
2010	—	`conf`	Cognitive Invariants of Geographic Event Conceptualization: What Matters and What Refines? GIScience Alexander Klippel, Rui Li, Frank Hardisty, Chris E. Weaver
2010	—	`conf`	Psychophysical Evaluation for a Qualitative Semantic Image Categorisation and Retrieval Approach. IEA/AIE (3) Zia Ul-Qayyum, Anthony G. Cohn, Alexander Klippel
2010	—	`conf`	Using space syntax to understand knowledge acquisition and wayfinding in indoor environments. IEEE ICCI Rui Li, Alexander Klippel
2010	J	`jnl`	You-Are-Here Maps: Creating Spatial Awareness through Map-like Representations. Spatial Cogn. Comput. Alexander Klippel, Stephen C. Hirtle, Clare Davies
2009	J	`jnl`	Colour-Enhanced Star Plot Glyphs: Can Salient Shape Characteristics Be Overcome? Cartogr. Int. J. Geogr. Inf. Geovisualization Alexander Klippel, Frank Hardisty, Rui Li, Chris E. Weaver
2009	—	`conf`	Extracting Route Directions from Web Pages. WebDB Xiao Zhang, Prasenjit Mitra, Sen Xu, Anuj R. Jaiswal, Alexander Klippel, Alan M. MacEachren
2009	J	`jnl`	Human factors in GIScience laboratory at the Pennsylvania State University. Cogn. Process. Alexander Klippel
2009	—	`conf`	The Endpoint Hypothesis: A Topological-Cognitive Assessment of Geographic Scale Movement Patterns. COSIT Alexander Klippel, Rui Li
2009	J	`jnl`	Topologically Characterized Movement Patterns: A Cognitive Assessment. Spatial Cogn. Comput. Alexander Klippel
2009	J	`jnl`	Urban granularities - a data structure for cognitively ergonomic route directions. GeoInformatica Alexander Klippel, Stefan Hansen, Kai-Florian Richter, Stephan Winter
2008	J	`jnl`	Identifying factors of geographic event conceptualisation. Int. J. Geogr. Inf. Sci. Alexander Klippel, Michael F. Worboys, Matt Duckham
2007	—	`conf`	Embodying Spatial Maps. AAAI Spring Symposium: Control Mechanisms for Spatial Knowledge Processing in Cognitive / Intelligent Systems Bernhard Hommel, Alexander Klippel
2007	—	`conf`	Linguistic and Nonlinguistic Turn Direction Concepts. COSIT Alexander Klippel, Daniel R. Montello
2006	—	`conf`	Algorithms for Reliable Navigation and Wayfinding. Spatial Cognition Shazia Haque, Lars Kulik, Alexander Klippel
2006	—	`conf`	Before or After: Prepositions in Spatially Constrained Systems. Spatial Cognition Kai-Florian Richter, Alexander Klippel
2006	—	`conf`	Landmarks in OpenLS - A Data Structure for Cognitive Ergonomic Route Directions. GIScience Stefan Hansen, Kai-Florian Richter, Alexander Klippel
2005	—	`conf`	A Cognitive Perspective on Spatial Context. Spatial Cognition: Specialization and Integration Christian Freksa, Alexander Klippel, Stephan Winter
2005	—	`conf`	Dynamic Aspects of Spatial Information in Air Traffic Controller Displays. AAAI Spring Symposium: Reasoning with Mental and External Diagrams: Computational Modeling and Spatial Assistance Paul U. Lee, Alexander Klippel
2005	—	`conf`	Structural Salience of Landmarks for Route Directions. COSIT Alexander Klippel, Stephan Winter
2005	—	`conf`	The Cognitive Conceptual Approach as a Leitmotif for Map Design. AAAI Spring Symposium: Reasoning with Mental and External Diagrams: Computational Modeling and Spatial Assistance Alexander Klippel, Paul U. Lee, Sara Irina Fabrikant, Daniel R. Montello, John A. Bateman
2005	—	`conf`	Wayfinding Choreme Maps. VISUAL Alexander Klippel, Kai-Florian Richter, Stefan Hansen
2005	J	`jnl`	Wayfinding choremes - a language for modeling conceptual route knowledge. J. Vis. Lang. Comput. Alexander Klippel, Heike Tappe, Lars Kulik, Paul U. Lee
2004	—	`conf`	A Model for Context-Specific Route Directions. Spatial Cognition Kai-Florian Richter, Alexander Klippel
2004	—	`conf`	Perceptually Induced Distortions in Cognitive Maps. Spatial Cognition Alexander Klippel, Lothar Knuf, Bernhard Hommel, Christian Freksa
2004	J	`jnl`	Wayfinding choremes - conceptualizing wayfinding and route direction elements. Künstliche Intell. Alexander Klippel
2003	—	`conf`	Pictorial Representations of Routes: Chunking Route Segments during Comprehension. Spatial Cognition Alexander Klippel, Heike Tappe, Christopher Habel
2003	—	`conf`	The Effect of Motion in Graphical User Interfaces. Smart Graphics Paul U. Lee, Alexander Klippel, Heike Tappe
2003	—	`conf`	Wayfinding Choremes. COSIT Alexander Klippel
2003	—	`—`	Wayfinding choremes: conceptualizing wayfinding and route direction elements. Alexander Klippel
2002	J	`jnl`	Acquisition of Landmark Knowledge from Static and Dynamic Presentation of Route Maps. Künstliche Intell. Paul U. Lee, Heike Tappe, Alexander Klippel
2000	—	`conf`	Schematic Maps as Wayfinding Aids. Spatial Cognition Hernan Casakin, Thomas Barkowsky, Alexander Klippel, Christian Freksa
2000	C	`conf`	Using Grids in Maps. Diagrams Alexander Klippel, Lars Kulik
1999	—	`conf`	Reasoning about Cardinal Directions Using Grids as Qualitative Geographic Coordinates. COSIT Lars Kulik, Alexander Klippel